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Infants and Toddlers (6 months), Substage 2: repetitions of pleasurable…
Infants and Toddlers (6 months)
Physical Domain
Physical Growth: Infants grow drastically in the first 2 years of life. This includes body shape, head growth, and reaching milestones like sitting up and crawling
Brain development: continues to grow through indolence - Brain and behavior are linked to the prefrontal cortex
Brain and experience: experiences in early life influence the experiences infants have as they grow. ex. early-life adversity impacts development
Motor development:
Fine motor skills
- allows for grasping and playing with objects. Leads to motor skills necessary for everyday life. (drinking from a straw, feeding themselves)
Gross motor skills
- uses of the body- crawling, walking. Preparing for these stages start during early infancy. (tummy time and sitting up)
Social and Emotional Domain
Relationships: Attachment theory (Freud & Harlow) Experiments show physical body contact is preferred over person who is the source of food. Infants thrive more with the bond and attachment of a mother.
Emotional Expressions: Infants express themselves through crying, laughing, cooing, smiling, facial expressions, changes in heart rate, and breathing.
Trust and Autonomy: Erik Erikson's basic trust vs. mistrust- when infants decide to trust others and the world or not. Babies are learning about the world and harmfulness during this time.
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt- occurs during second year of life. When children develop sense of self and competency.
Intellectual/cognitive Development
Supported by Piaget's constructivism theory
Ages birth-2 sensorimotor stage
Infant's achievements come from sensory and simple motor skills.
:star:
Interactions result in recognizing the outside world.
Substage 1 schemas: involuntary rooting, sucking, grasping, looking
Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reaction
Visual proprioception
Object Permanence
Piaget's Constructivism Theory
Children construct all of their knowledge through their environment and experiences.
focuses on children's cognitive or intellectual development
Speech and Language Acquisition
Age / Behavior
Birth- crying, phoneme perception
3 months- cooing
6 months- babbling
9 months- first words
12 months- using words for adult attention
18 months- first 2 word sentences
Language Acquisition- linked with phonological development (process of segmenting speech into units of sound)
Occurs late in the first year
Substage 2: repetitions of pleasurable actions