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Parent child relationship and its implication on anxiety and depression in…
Parent child relationship and its implication on anxiety and depression in children
Implications for gender differences
Female gender significantly predicts anxiety after three years (Breinholst et al., 2019)
Mothers' rejection is more evident in females vs. males, and depression is more expressed in females (Stojiljkovic & Stankovic, 2018).
Higher levels of internal locus of control predicted higher anxiety levels in females (Mays & Krueger, 2021).
Higher levels of parentification and lower levels of internal locus of control predicted higher anxiety levels (Mays & Krueger, 2021).
Implications for child/father relationship
Fathers' rejection is more evident in males vs. females (Stojiljkovic & Stankovic, 2018).
Fathers' substance use disorder is correlated to their own diagnosis of depression and anxiety (Kelley et al., 2017).
Father-child relationship has implications for attachment issues in children. In addition, father attachment insecurity was linked to fathers' depression and anxiety. Fathers' perception of their wife's attachment impacted their depression and attachment behaviors (Bradford et al., 2017).
Children's internalizing was not correlated to fathers' symptoms of anxiety and depression (Breinholst et al., 2019).
Implications for child/mother relationship
Mothers' perception of husbands' attachment impacted their depression and attachment behaviors (Bradford et al., 2017).
Mothers' rejection increases child depression (Stojiljkovic & Stankovic, 2018).
Observed tension in the mother's parenting was correlated to the general mood of the child (Breinholst et al., 2019)
Mothers who rated their own depression and anxiety high also rated their children's internalizing problems high (Kelley et al., 2017).
Mothers' and fathers' substance use disorder was linked to higher reported anxiety in mothers (Kelley et al., 2017).
The mother-child relationship is associated with attachment insecurity (Bradford et al., 2017)
Higher anxiety in mothers when the child is 7 y/o results in higher anxiety in children when they are 15 y/o girls and not boys (Ranney et al., 2021).
There is no link between mothers' anxiety at intake and child anxiety at follow-up 3 years later (Breinholst et al., 2019).
Mothers' low acceptance was a strong indicator of social anxiety development in highly anxious children (Yaffe, 2018).
Family interaction as a predictor
Females are less satisfied with family life (Stojiljkovic & Stankovic, 2018).
Marital conflict increases anxiety in adolescents with a negative bias toward angry interaction (Lucas-Thomas et al., 2020).
Negative and positive conflict behavior is linked to attention to emotion (Lucas-Thomas et al., 2020).
Family income is negatively associated with negative conflict behavior (Lucas-Thomas et al., 2020).
Higher parentification indicated higher anxiety levels in college-age children (Mays & Krueger, 2021).
Authoritarian parents create more anxious children (Yaffe, 2018).
Autonomy granting is negatively linked to separation anxiety, school anxiety, and social anxiety (Yaffe, 2018).
Future Research/Possible gaps in research
Qualitative/exploratory and mixed methods should be used. Parents' views on the relationship and interaction should be used. A more diverse population should be included in the study (Stojiljkovic & Stankovic, 2018).
Fathers need to be included in the assessment. In addition, a longitudinal multi-method design that addresses parenting and child is recommended (Breinholst et al., 2019).
Fathers' role in families with substance use disorder should be further studied. A more diverse population with SUD should be included, and a longitudinal study should be implemented (Kelley et al., 2017).
Future research would benefit from focusing on developing attention biases toward emotion. How do some children who are exposed to negative relationships do not develop attention toward angry interactions and others do Lucas-Thomas et al., 2020). More clarity in this area would potentially help determine appropriate treatment and prevention tools.
Parentification may prevent many children from pursuing independence, such as attending school. Therefore, research exploring data involving children staying home would be of great importance. In addition, gender and ethnic background need to be considered (Mays & Krueger, 2021).
People in new relationships may be more prone to attachment issues, and further research would be recommended in this area (Bradford et al., 2017).
All articles lack a diverse sample population and would benefit from expanding into other ethnic groups.
Research would benefit from further exploring the separate roles of mothers and fathers in creating specific anxieties (Yaffe, 2018)
Biological components and different age groups (such as age 18, the onset of anxiety, and depression) must be looked at (Ranney et al., 2021).
Research also wants to look at anxiety and depression as separate units (Ranney et al., 2021).