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Migration, causes of the refugee crisis: indicated with a green stem under…

- - - - foster interaction between locals and migrants
      - organising and commemorating culture-related events (e.g.. festivals)
    - - understand festivals and traditions
      - learn the lingua franca of the country
      - understand sociocultural norms
      - access to jobs upon arrival
    - - promote openness
      - celebrate cultural diversity (while still maintaining rootedness)
      - establish common sense of rootedness to country between locals and foreigners alike
- - - - Discrimination of certain races and religions
      - Conflicts (such as wars, crises or high crime rates) in country of origin
      - Basic facilities such as water, electricity and healthcare are not provided
      - Natural disasters destroying local communities and/or livelihoods, climate change
        
        floods destroying crops
        
        intensified droughts disrupting growing season
        
        high temperatures making certain areas unhospitable for living
      - human rights concerns
    - - A strong cultural identity in one’s location of emigration (e.g. Taiwan)
      - Racial and religious acceptance (including secularity)
        
        Attracts people who perceive their homeland's culture and or national identity to be under threat (e.g. HK)
  - - - A lack of job opportunities appropriate for one’s skill and education level (demographic)
      - Joblessness- locals being displaced by other individuals due to competition or immigration- especially PMETs
      - Destructions of livelihoods (e.g. by war/natural disasters), might have to find alternative income source
        
        flood in low-lying Bangladesh have displaced about 325,000 people in the 2017 August-September rainy season alone
      - Initial jobs are no longer profitable
    - - Promise of more and better-paying jobs (huge driver of rural-urban migration)
      - Jobs suit skill level (e.g. unskilled labourers migrate to DCs, where there is a labour crunch)
  - - - Stable government
      - Racial and religious acceptance by leaders (including state secularity)
    - - Governmental persecution and prosecution
        
        Of racial/religious groups (e.g. Rohingya crisis)
        
        Exiled political leaders- vast minority
      - Negative policy changes
        
        Makes certain economic activities in initial location (e.g. farming) no longer profitable
        
        Forces people (may include migrants) out of a country
- - - - Diversification of local culture (may be viewed as negative by some)
    - - Dilution or destruction of traditions and culture
        (if migrants and locals are unable to find a way to coexist)
      - Overpopulation, competition with locals for space and jobs
      - Poverty
        
        of locals, due to competition for jobs (usually more prevalent in LDCs)
        
        of migrants, who may not be sufficiently qualified to take up good jobs
        
        results in formation of slums and squatters
      - Anti-foreigner sentiments, due to negative impacts that migrants bring to locals (those with yellow stem under the "impacts" section)
        
        employers unwilling to hire migrants
        
        racism/discrimination of a nationality or race
        
        unwillingness to accept other cultures
      - strain on public services such as healthcare, education and water/sanitation
  - - - Filling up of certain undesirable jobs (e.g. labour) in developed countries
      - Transfer niche technical skills and knowledge to locals
      - (Because of cultural diversification) More revenue from increased cultural tourism- might become negative if culture becomes diluted instead, is country-dependent.
      - Increased human capital by increasing working population (and demographic due to migrants generally being younger)
      - Higher public purse and taxing power
        
        able to muster sufficient funds to solve issues such as
        
        presence of slums/squatters
        
        poverty
        
        provision of utilities and services
        
        housing
        
        water
        
        education
        
        sanitation
    - - Higher public purse and taxing power
      - Brain drain (potentially linked to social)
      - Loss of skilled labour (if migrants are PMETs)
  - - - common areas of contention include
        
        salaries
        
        culture and heritage
        
        jobs and economic growth
        
        general displacement of locals from jobs/homes due to migrants
        
        overpopulation
- - - - higher GDP --> higher, more attractive salaries
      - create new and attractive job opportunities
- - - - engage in criminal activities to earn back the money
      - exploited by "middlemen" who trick migrants into paying large sums of money during the journey
    - - cannot find jobs
      - exposed to racism
      - physical/verbal attacks