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L1: Settling the West(1865-1890) - Coggle Diagram
L1: Settling the West(1865-1890)
Miners and Ranchers
1.1.1 Boomtowns
1859, prospector-Henry Comstock, Six-Mile Canyon
found no gold, but pure silver ore
Discovery-Comstock Lode
attracts more prospectors
generate $230 million
helped to finance the civil war
boomtowns
small frontiers becoming small cities because of the settling of the prospectors
e.g. Virginia City
cities having economic "boom"
vigilance committees
who enforce "laws and orders"
self-appointed volunteers
track and punish people
work in "boomtowns"
lives in boomtowns
Men-working at the mining site
Women-laundries, cooks, works at "Hurdy Gurdy"
End of the boomtowns
mines used up
no more economic supports
ending up with being a "ghost town"
1.1.2 Mining and statehood
results of mining workouts
produced more than 1 billion gold and silver
building of railroads
farmers, ranchers starting to settle
borns of three new states: North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana
produced more boomtowns
1.1.3 Mining technology
hydraulic mining
began in Calinfornia
spraying high pressure water
negatively affected the environment
1.2 Ranching and cattle driving
Great Plains
open range-large area of grassland owned by the government
1.2.1 cattle driving
driving some cattle through the new railroads
more routes for cattle driving opened
purpose: move the cattle to more markets to earn more money
1.1 the growth of mining industry
1.2.2 Ranching-big business
"range war"-ranchers and farmers competing for land
"barbed wire"-invention for fencing land
more investor put money on cattle business
more breeds of cattle came to the sight
1.3 Settling the Hispanic Southwest
California, after 1800s, society of landholding elites
influence to California
growth of population from 14,000 to 100,000
who?
people who is known as the Hispanic Californians
people owning haciendas-large piece of land
Spanish-speakers
some Hispanics lost the land and for new settlers
more English speakers
population of the Hispanics remains majority in California
As more railroads were built, more immigrants appeared
barrios-neighborhoods that has Spanish-speaking business and Spanish-language newspapers to help the Hispanics
Farming the plains
2.1 The beginning of settlement
the Great Plains transformed into wheat land
early days: the land is worthless, everything was used to survive
Stephen Long: called the region the "Great American Desert"
scarcity of timber and water
how the settlement was encouraged
Slogan: "Rain follows the plow"
government: homestead act
starting with a 10$ fee for a public settlement land
the climate was extreme
2.2 The wheat belt
farming tech
drying farming
planting the seeds down in the soil where is can get moisture through soil
mechanical harvesting machines
sodbusters-people who plow the land
beginning of the wheat belt
started when more people came to the Great Plains for cheap land and farming technology
started with the eastern edge
available to more kinds of family since technology was developed
appearance of bonanza farms-farms yielding big profits
companies were formed for investing property and equipments as well as hiring labors
2.2.1 hard time on farmers
drought stroked on the Great Plains
killed the crops
competition between farmers through different countries began
price of wheat started to drop
doing of the farmers
mortgaging the land
some lost the land and rented land to be farmers
2.2.2 closing the frontier
Oklahoma Land Rush
April 22, 1889
opened by the government
10,000 people rush
final opened land for settlement
frontier closed within the end of the era
Native Americans
3.1.1 The Dakota Sioux
first major conflict
began in1862
Minnesota
cause
The delayed arrive of the annuities for the Natives causing starvation
teasing of from the local food trader to Chief Little Crow
the uprising
Little Crow was unwilling, but can't keep the Dakota people settled
Leaves the region the name of the Dakota Territory
3.1 struggles with the Natives
nomads, food source: buffalo
Natives were divided into bands
had organization of each band
most Natives believed in spiritual powers
many conflicts occurred between the Natives and the new settlers
3.1.2 Red Cloud's War
The Lakota tribe
had troubles with keeping the hunting grounds
army suffered defeat in the Red Cloud's War
many people died
3.1.3 Sand Creek
1860s, tension between the miners in Colorado finding gold and silver and the Cheyenne and Arapaho
a conflict began, and many people died
Natives want to negotiate a peace deal instead of surrendering
both sides didn't agree
to negotiate at Sand Creek
known as the Sand Creek Massacre
what really happened at Sand Creek was debated
3.1.4 Plan for peace
in 1867, the Indian Peace Commission was formed by the government
run by agents from both sides
intended to share the culture from both sides
required the separation between two parties
minimized the conflicts between Natives and settlers
HOWEVER, the Indian Peace Commission failed
creating the rules didn't mean that the conflict will stop between two
3.2 The last Native War
the natives still preferred buffalo hunting, which cause few animals remaining in the area
3.2.1 Little Bighorn
in 1876, the miner invaded the Black hills for gold, which lead the natives to also break the rules and hunt in the Bighorn mountains
George A. Custer sent by the government, started a battle
the natives were forced to give up the Black Hills
3.2.2 Nez Perce
Chief Joseph, refused to move to another smaller reservation
forced by the government to go on a trip of 1,300 miles
many people died; many people got sick
3.2.3 Wounded Knee
Lakota Sioux reservation, 1890
The natives refused to follow the order, and kept their traditional performance of the Ghost Dance running
the government banned the performance and arrested Chief Bull
gunfire started between the two parties
Chief Bull was killed
3.2.4 Dawes act
dawes act-to make the Native Americans a part of the settlers
the plan failed
some natives became farmers or rancher, but lack of training and enthusiasm
some still don't want to face the changes
no satisfactory