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Chemistry Paper One - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Place the acid in a beaker
        
        Gently heat the acid using a bunsen burner, a heatproof mat, the tripod & the gauze pad
        
        Add the base in excess to the acid with a spatula & stir thoroughly
        
        When insoluble, unreacted particles of the base collect at the bottom of the beaker, filter the solution using the conical flask, filtering paper & funnel
        
        Take the filtered solvent & heat it in an evaporating basin. Some salts are fragile under intense heat, so you can...
        
        A) Heat the substance using steam (Place the evaporating basin on a beaker full of water & heat the beaker using a bunsen burner)
        
        1 more item...
        
        B) Evaporate excess solvent from the basin before leaving it for a while (Couple of days) for the rest of the solvent to evaporate naturally
        
        1 more item...
- - - - 1808: John Dalton
        
        Atomic Theory: Different elements bond to form compounds
        
        1869: Dimitri Mendeleez
        
        Designed the first periodic table
        
        Arranged in increasing atomic mass
        
        Left gaps for undiscovered elements
        
        1897: J.J. Thomson
        
        Discovered the Electron (Proved atoms are divisible)
        
        Created the Plum Pudding Model
        
        The Plum Pudding Model:
        The Plum Pudding model theorised atoms consisted of a ball of positive charge containing embedded electrons of negative charge
        
        1911: Ernest Rutherford:
        
        Tested the Plum Pudding Model
        
        Discovered the Atom's Nucleus (Dense core of positively-charged mass)
        
        Most of the Atom is empty space
        
        Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment
        Rutherford fired alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil.
        
        Most of them passed through the empty space
        
        However, some rebounded when they collided with the nucleus (Alike charges repel)
        
        Alpha Particle: A Particle consisting of two protons & two neutrons (A Helium Nucleus)
        
        1913: Niels Bohr
        
        Suggested electrons orbit the nucleus
        
        1932: James Chadwick
        
        Discovered the neutron
        
        The Atom's mass was double that of what it should have been, were it composed solely of protons
        
        Rutherford-Bohr Model
        The Rutherford-Bohr Model combined the findings of Rutherford & Bohr to produce a diagram with a positively-charged nucleus orbited by negatively-charged electrons
  - - - Nucleus: Contains particles called Protons & Neutrons (Both of which are called Nucleons)
        
        Neutrons
        
        Zero Charge
        
        A Relative Mass of One
        
        Protons
        
        A Relative Mass of One
        
        A Charge of +1
        
        99% of an atom's mass is in the nucleus
      - Orbitals: Orbitals are levels of energy surrounding the nucleus, and they house orbiting electrons
        
        Electrons
        
        A Charge of -1
        
        An Electron's mass is negligible
        
        The Diameter of an Atom is 2x10⁻¹³m
        
        The radius of the nucleus is 0.0001% the size of the atom's radius
        
        Orbitals closer to the nucleus can only hold a certain number of electrons, and the number an orbital can hold increases as it get further away:
        First Orbital: 2 Electrons
        Second Orbital: 8 Electrons
        Third Orbital: 8 Electrons
      - The number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of electrons
        
        Therefore, atoms has no overall charge
      - Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons (Their Atomic Number)
      - In a standard Atom, the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of neutrons
        
        The total number of Nucleons in an atom is its Mass number
    - - Compounds
        
        Mixtures
        
        Mixture Separation
        
        Distillation
        
        Simple Distillation: A mixture of two solvents is heated. The solvent with the lower boiling point is evaporated first, leaving the second solvent. From there, the first solvent (gas) can be condensed
        
        Fractional Distillation: A mixture
        
        Chromatography:
        
        Filtration:
        
        Crystallisation:
    - - Development of the Periodic table