COMPARISON OF MAJOR LEARNING THEORIES
Behaviorism
Experts of Behaviorism Theory
Skinner
Pavlov
John B.Watson (1878-1958)
Thorndike
Key concepts
Role of Learners
Role of Teachers
Role of Peers
Indicates the relationship between stimuli and responses which can be changed in behavior. Human behavior can be observed, controlled, and predicted. (Stimulus-Response Theory)
Cognitivism
Social Cognitivism
Constructivism
Socio-Cultural Theory
Adult Learning
Connectivism
Role of Learners
Role of Teachers
Role of Peers
Role of Learners
Role of Teachers
Role of Peers
Role of Learners
Role of Teachers
Role of Peers
Role of Learners
Role of Teachers
Role of Peers
Role of Learners
Role of Teachers
Role of Learners
Role of Learners
Role of Teachers
Role of Peers
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
Cognitive Development
Thinking
Knowledge (Stored in memory)
Attitude (positive/negative)
Mental Operation
Cognitive
Metacognitive
Planning, direct,control,check,assess and reflect
Skill
Strategy
Critical Thinking
Creative Thinking
Decision Making
Problem Solving
To help students in focus on learning by planning effective teaching to able get their attention, interest and intellectual development.
Awareness to students about learning when they are in early development stage
Help students in solving problems in learning
Prior experience
Connection on their experiences
Social Interactions
Reflection
Safe and comfort learning environment for mental growth
Motivate ourself and others to be reflect as a role model
Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles)
- The need to know concept
- Self concept
- Life Experiences
- Ready to learn
- Orientation to learning
- Motivation
They learn better when they understand, able to reflect
Develop autonomy in learning process,make own decision, self-direction
Prior knowledge and experience
If learning is relevance they apply it
Life centered,problem or task oriented
Learn better when they keep on motivated
Family
Work
Health
- Extinction – Weakening Conditioned Responses
- Spontaneous Recovery – Resurrecting Responses
- Acquisition – Forming New Responses
- Stimulus Generalization- Influence with other sound
- Stimulus Discrimination- Sound of the Bell
- Higher-Order Conditioning- Unconditioned stimulus
Example of operant conditioning
Responses (Behavior)
Stimulus (Reinforcement)
Effect on behavior
Lesson revision
Reward with good grades
Motivation to study increases
Operant behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Rewarding stimulus
Removal unpleasant stimulus
Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning (B.F.Skinner)
1) Acquisition – Shaping process
2) Extinction – Removal of a positive reinforcement
3) Stimulus Generalization - Learn to discriminate
4) Stimulus Discrimination - Original discriminative stimulus
Key concept
Self-adaptation is an important factor for individual cognitive development.
(Jean Piaget 1896-1980)
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (1972)
1) Sensory-motor stage
2) Pre-operational stage
3) Concrete Operational stage
4) Formal Operational stage
By movement and sensations
Egocentric and struggle
Think logically
Use deductive logic
(Birth to 2 years)
(2 to 7 years)
(7 to 11 years)
(Age 12 and up)
Piaget’s Cognitive Learning Theory Process (1970)
1) Schema
2) Adaptation
3) Equilibration
5) Accommodation
4) Assimilation
Physical development and learning process
Changes in schema
Stages of cognitive development
Process of taking information
Ability to change new information
(Fish VS Gold Fish)
Information Processing Model of Learning (R.M. Gagne)
Environment
Stimuli
Sensory-organ Recorder
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Response operator
Implementation/Control (Behavior)
Metacognition (Flavell 1976)
Refer to a kind of thinking, plan, direct, control, examine, evaluate, creative thinking and make decision to solve the problem.
2) Metacognitive skill
3) Metacognitive experience
1) Metacognitive knowledge
1) Comprehension monitoring
2) Self checking
3) Aim of reading
Types of learners
The anxious and alienated learners
The cunning and desperate learners
The lost and uncertain learners
The intellectual and motivated learner
Learners can easily give up, stress with facing new challenges
Learner who are searching for easy or alternative ways to overcome the challenges. Ex: Copy friend's assignment, plaigarism, and rewrite senior's post assignments
Learners go with the flow and do not have any goal to succeed
Learners those have goal to achieve in learning, hardworking and have motivation to succeed
Explain to the learners about the learning objectives, methods of learning and proper instructions to the learners about assessments
Keep motivate them and looking frequently about assessment progresses
Assists and let learners engage together with the instructors in the online learning or classroom
Provide relevant experience and provide performance feedback
Motivate learners, plan the learning activities
giving and receive feedback to their friends
Teamwork, group discussions, work collaboratively with others
Key Concept
Gain and evolve life experiences and knowledge
Goal-oriented learners
Self-directed learners and profoundly inspired
Nature of knowledge and challenges
MONEY
TIME
CONFIDENCE
Never enough
Professional's confidence
Financial commitments
Ahmad,B& Noor, H. (2016). Pengajian & Pembelajaran Dalam Pendidikan: Teori dan Konsep Asas. Sam Synergy Media Sdn.Bhd.
Hamzah,H & Samuel. J.N. (2008). Child Development for Program Perguruan Pendidikan Rendah Pengajian Empat Tahun. Kumpulan Budiman Sdn.Bhd.
Kaur,R. (2008). An Education Revision Guide for KPLI. Kumpulan Budiman Sdn.Bhd.
Sang,S.M. (2006). Education Studies for KPLI (Theme 1) Educational Psychology. Multimedia-ES Resourced Sdn.Bhd.
REFERENCES
Key concept
Learning is a process of creative
How people learn
Desire to know more knowlege
Connecting new knowledge and information
Decision making
Problem solving
Von Glaserfeld (1991)
(Albert Bandura 1925)
1) Individual process
3) Behavior
2) Environment
Modelling Theory (Learning through observation)
2) Retention
3) Reproduction
1) Attention
4) Reinforcement/ Motivation-
Concentrate and observing
Memory using language and imagination
Psychomotor of imitating skill and memorize observed behavior
Positive reinforcement or reward
2) To adapt oneself in the environment
3) Result of individual experiences
1) Knowledge form by individuals of own initiatives
Vygotsky (Social Constructivism Theory)
Vygotsky 1898-1934 (Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Zone of Proximal Development (able to learn and perform various tasks with guidance from others
Able to learn and perform various tasks with guidance from others
Potential Development Limit
Pupil's Actual Development
Able to learn and perform task individually
Unable to learn or perform any task even with guidance
Most difficult task that can be learned or performed individually
Most difficult task that can be learned or performed with guidance from others
Teacher need to use cooperative and collaborative model of method
Avoid using traditional method or techniques such as lecturing, demonstrating and rote learning
Teacher only plays role as an adviser, facilitator and planner
Assist pupils to use their acquired knowledge to apply into learning of new knowledge.
Avoid influence when the process of cognitive development
Learners able to using their critical and creative thinking skills to solve problems, and metacognitive skills
Learners plays the main role in learning process.
Reflective thinking, control, assess, make reflection on the results and achievements
Help the learners to master the concepts that they are not able to understand by themselves
Piaget (Cognitive Development Theory)
Learning
Motivation
Knowledge
Instruction
Learning
Motivation
Knowlege
Instruction
Knowledge system actively structured
Active assimilation and accommodation of new information
Learners set their goals and self-motivated to learn
Teacher provides environment that promotes assimilations and accomodation
Knowledge socially constructed
Collaborative assimilations and accommodations for gain new knowledge.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic. Learning goals and motives by learners and rewards by the knowledge community.
Group work and collaborative learning. Guidance by the teacher or instructor
Illeris, K. (2018). Contemporary Theories of Learning.Taylor& Francis Group, 01-43, https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6iePBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=contemporary+theories+of+learning&ots=WpO1PZB9vC&sig=hc-Dn3lTsEFx1JO-xjgn56b-oRw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=contemporary%20theories%20of%20learning&f=false
The learner is gives proper response when they observe the stimulus
Recall basic definitions, explainations, concepts
The leaner is reactive, passive
Provide positive and comfort learning environment
Motivation, reward and encourage
Provide positive reinforcement to learners
Shapes the behavior
Controlling social behavior
Shapes positive interactive behavior
Parental guidance
Motivates and needs
How people learn
Learning to assessments with practice
Recall concepts
By observation
Task-based learning type
Seeking ways to understand related to known information
Learn through processing information
Recieved information
Nature of knowledge
Learning through by understanding the real world concept
Critical reflection and feedback
Social constructivism
The meaning that is not legitimized in the social community
Social cognitive conflicts
Technologically enhanced
Adaptive patterns
Representative current state
Complex learning, rapid changing core, diverse knowledge sources
Key concepts
A blank slate, a passive participant to stimulus-response.
Vygotsky's Theory
Learners cognitive development largely influenced by the social cultural environment
Development may different by the cultures
Work independently
Can be mastery learning
Facing scaffolding challenges by learn with others
Using clues or hints in learning
Scaffolding
Planning the lesson and classroom instructions
Classify into groups or pair with high ability skill learner and low ability skill learner
Easy to understand
Help in improve ability level of learners
Teaching method that helps learners effectively
Language
Learning activities
Interaction with learners
Zone Proximal Development (ZPD)
Learn through educator
Working with people have broad ideas or knowledge
Smaller chunks can expend their understanding level
- Students cant do yet even with the educators
- Learner can learn with educators
- Student learn by their own
Students have opportunity to create their own goal
Give opportunities to students to increse the development
Support and guide learners by creating
Use of variety instructional tools
Encourage group works
Interaction of person's individual and behavior influenced by thoughts and actions
Interaction of behavior and environment affects their behaviour
Individuals and environments develop and modified social influenced
Involve in collaborative work
Authentic Assessment
Flipped Instruction
Provide teaching strategies to support learners
Provide social interaction
Give motivation
Guidance of cognitive development
Should help new learne to direct themself in the network and beng part of it
Learner is a active role in knowledge creation
Should train their self connecting information, knowledge and skills
Interactive with social
Group work
Guidance of social interaction
Motivation
Social interaction
Attention
Problem solving
Giving attention
Motivation
Plays a key role in sharing informations
Learners are active role