COMPARISON OF MAJOR LEARNING THEORIES

Behaviorism

Experts of Behaviorism Theory

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Thorndike OIP (7)

Key concepts

Role of Learners

Role of Teachers

Role of Peers

Indicates the relationship between stimuli and responses which can be changed in behavior. Human behavior can be observed, controlled, and predicted. (Stimulus-Response Theory)

Cognitivism

Social Cognitivism

Constructivism

Socio-Cultural Theory

Adult Learning

Connectivism

Role of Learners

Role of Teachers

Role of Peers

Role of Learners

Role of Teachers

Role of Peers

Role of Learners

Role of Teachers

Role of Peers

Role of Learners

Role of Teachers

Role of Peers

Role of Learners

Role of Teachers

Role of Learners

Role of Learners

Role of Teachers

Role of Peers

Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning

Cognitive Development

Thinking

Knowledge (Stored in memory)

Attitude (positive/negative)

Mental Operation

Cognitive

Metacognitive

Planning, direct,control,check,assess and reflect

Skill

Strategy

Critical Thinking

Creative Thinking

Decision Making

Problem Solving

To help students in focus on learning by planning effective teaching to able get their attention, interest and intellectual development.

Awareness to students about learning when they are in early development stage

Help students in solving problems in learning

Prior experience

Connection on their experiences

Social Interactions

Reflection

Safe and comfort learning environment for mental growth

Motivate ourself and others to be reflect as a role model

Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles)

  1. The need to know concept
  1. Self concept
  1. Life Experiences
  1. Ready to learn
  1. Orientation to learning
  1. Motivation

They learn better when they understand, able to reflect

Develop autonomy in learning process,make own decision, self-direction

Prior knowledge and experience

If learning is relevance they apply it

Life centered,problem or task oriented

Learn better when they keep on motivated

Family

Work

Health

  1. Extinction – Weakening Conditioned Responses
  1. Spontaneous Recovery – Resurrecting Responses
  1. Acquisition – Forming New Responses
  1. Stimulus Generalization- Influence with other sound
  1. Stimulus Discrimination- Sound of the Bell
  1. Higher-Order Conditioning- Unconditioned stimulus

R (15)

Example of operant conditioning

Responses (Behavior)

Stimulus (Reinforcement)

Effect on behavior

Lesson revision

Reward with good grades

Motivation to study increases

Operant behavior

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Rewarding stimulus

Removal unpleasant stimulus

Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning (B.F.Skinner)

1) Acquisition – Shaping process

2) Extinction – Removal of a positive reinforcement

3) Stimulus Generalization - Learn to discriminate

4) Stimulus Discrimination - Original discriminative stimulus

Key concept

Self-adaptation is an important factor for individual cognitive development.

(Jean Piaget 1896-1980)

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (1972)

R (10)

1) Sensory-motor stage

2) Pre-operational stage

3) Concrete Operational stage

4) Formal Operational stage

By movement and sensations

Egocentric and struggle

Think logically

Use deductive logic

(Birth to 2 years)

(2 to 7 years)

(7 to 11 years)

(Age 12 and up)

R (16)

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Piaget’s Cognitive Learning Theory Process (1970)

1) Schema

2) Adaptation

3) Equilibration

5) Accommodation

4) Assimilation

Physical development and learning process

Changes in schema

Stages of cognitive development

Process of taking information

Ability to change new information

(Fish VS Gold Fish)

Information Processing Model of Learning (R.M. Gagne)

Environment

 Stimuli

 Sensory-organ Recorder

 Short-term memory

 Long-term memory

 Response operator

 Implementation/Control (Behavior)

Metacognition (Flavell 1976)

Refer to a kind of thinking, plan, direct, control, examine, evaluate, creative thinking and make decision to solve the problem.

2) Metacognitive skill

3) Metacognitive experience

1) Metacognitive knowledge

1) Comprehension monitoring

2) Self checking

3) Aim of reading

Types of learners

The anxious and alienated learners

The cunning and desperate learners

The lost and uncertain learners

The intellectual and motivated learner

Learners can easily give up, stress with facing new challenges

Learner who are searching for easy or alternative ways to overcome the challenges. Ex: Copy friend's assignment, plaigarism, and rewrite senior's post assignments

Learners go with the flow and do not have any goal to succeed

Learners those have goal to achieve in learning, hardworking and have motivation to succeed

Explain to the learners about the learning objectives, methods of learning and proper instructions to the learners about assessments

Keep motivate them and looking frequently about assessment progresses

Assists and let learners engage together with the instructors in the online learning or classroom

Provide relevant experience and provide performance feedback

Motivate learners, plan the learning activities

giving and receive feedback to their friends

Teamwork, group discussions, work collaboratively with others

Key Concept

Gain and evolve life experiences and knowledge

Goal-oriented learners

Self-directed learners and profoundly inspired

Nature of knowledge and challenges

MONEY

TIME

CONFIDENCE

Never enough

Professional's confidence

Financial commitments

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Ahmad,B& Noor, H. (2016). Pengajian & Pembelajaran Dalam Pendidikan: Teori dan Konsep Asas. Sam Synergy Media Sdn.Bhd.

Hamzah,H & Samuel. J.N. (2008). Child Development for Program Perguruan Pendidikan Rendah Pengajian Empat Tahun. Kumpulan Budiman Sdn.Bhd.

Kaur,R. (2008). An Education Revision Guide for KPLI. Kumpulan Budiman Sdn.Bhd.

Sang,S.M. (2006). Education Studies for KPLI (Theme 1) Educational Psychology. Multimedia-ES Resourced Sdn.Bhd.

REFERENCES

Key concept

Learning is a process of creative

How people learn

Desire to know more knowlege

Connecting new knowledge and information

Decision making

Problem solving

Von Glaserfeld (1991)

(Albert Bandura 1925)

1) Individual process

3) Behavior

2) Environment

Modelling Theory (Learning through observation)

2) Retention

3) Reproduction

1) Attention

4) Reinforcement/ Motivation-

Concentrate and observing

Memory using language and imagination

Psychomotor of imitating skill and memorize observed behavior

Positive reinforcement or reward

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2) To adapt oneself in the environment

3) Result of individual experiences

1) Knowledge form by individuals of own initiatives

R (17)

Vygotsky (Social Constructivism Theory)

Vygotsky 1898-1934 (Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Zone of Proximal Development (able to learn and perform various tasks with guidance from others

Able to learn and perform various tasks with guidance from others

Potential Development Limit

Pupil's Actual Development

Able to learn and perform task individually

Unable to learn or perform any task even with guidance

Most difficult task that can be learned or performed individually

Most difficult task that can be learned or performed with guidance from others

Teacher need to use cooperative and collaborative model of method

Avoid using traditional method or techniques such as lecturing, demonstrating and rote learning

Teacher only plays role as an adviser, facilitator and planner

Assist pupils to use their acquired knowledge to apply into learning of new knowledge.

Avoid influence when the process of cognitive development

Learners able to using their critical and creative thinking skills to solve problems, and metacognitive skills

Learners plays the main role in learning process.

Reflective thinking, control, assess, make reflection on the results and achievements

Help the learners to master the concepts that they are not able to understand by themselves

Piaget (Cognitive Development Theory)

Learning

Motivation

Knowledge

Instruction

Learning

Motivation

Knowlege

Instruction

Knowledge system actively structured

Active assimilation and accommodation of new information

Learners set their goals and self-motivated to learn

Teacher provides environment that promotes assimilations and accomodation

Knowledge socially constructed

Collaborative assimilations and accommodations for gain new knowledge.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic. Learning goals and motives by learners and rewards by the knowledge community.

Group work and collaborative learning. Guidance by the teacher or instructor

The learner is gives proper response when they observe the stimulus

Recall basic definitions, explainations, concepts

The leaner is reactive, passive

Provide positive and comfort learning environment

Motivation, reward and encourage

Provide positive reinforcement to learners

Shapes the behavior

Controlling social behavior

Shapes positive interactive behavior

Parental guidance

Motivates and needs

How people learn

Learning to assessments with practice

Recall concepts

By observation

Task-based learning type

Seeking ways to understand related to known information

Learn through processing information

Recieved information

Nature of knowledge

Learning through by understanding the real world concept

Critical reflection and feedback

Social constructivism

The meaning that is not legitimized in the social community

Social cognitive conflicts

Technologically enhanced

Adaptive patterns

Representative current state

Complex learning, rapid changing core, diverse knowledge sources

Key concepts

A blank slate, a passive participant to stimulus-response.

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Vygotsky's Theory

Learners cognitive development largely influenced by the social cultural environment

Development may different by the cultures

Work independently

Can be mastery learning

Facing scaffolding challenges by learn with others

Using clues or hints in learning

Scaffolding

Planning the lesson and classroom instructions

Classify into groups or pair with high ability skill learner and low ability skill learner

Easy to understand

Help in improve ability level of learners

Teaching method that helps learners effectively

Language

Learning activities

Interaction with learners

Zone Proximal Development (ZPD)

Learn through educator

Working with people have broad ideas or knowledge

Smaller chunks can expend their understanding level

  1. Students cant do yet even with the educators
  1. Learner can learn with educators
  1. Student learn by their own

Students have opportunity to create their own goal

Give opportunities to students to increse the development

Support and guide learners by creating

Use of variety instructional tools

Encourage group works

Interaction of person's individual and behavior influenced by thoughts and actions

Interaction of behavior and environment affects their behaviour

Individuals and environments develop and modified social influenced

Involve in collaborative work

Authentic Assessment

Flipped Instruction

Provide teaching strategies to support learners

Provide social interaction

Give motivation

Guidance of cognitive development

Should help new learne to direct themself in the network and beng part of it

Learner is a active role in knowledge creation

Should train their self connecting information, knowledge and skills

Interactive with social

Group work

Guidance of social interaction

Motivation

Social interaction

Attention

Problem solving

Giving attention

Motivation

Plays a key role in sharing informations

Learners are active role