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PHRASES, CLAUSES AND SENTENCES, By: OLIVO PAREDES Antoni Yeferson,…
PHRASES, CLAUSES AND SENTENCES
THE PHRASE
It’s any group of related words that, unlike a sentence, has no subject-predicate combination.
If you understand how they work, you can avoid mistaking them for sentences.
You can avoid misplacing them or leaving them dangling in sentences.
You can learn to use them effectively in combining sentences.
The PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Prepositional phrases function as either adjectives or adverbs.
The object of a preposition can have its own modifiers, which also are part of the prepositional phrase.
Each prepositional phrase begins with a preposition (in, of, by, from, for, etc.)
PHRASES CONTAINING VERBALS
The Participles Phrase are forms of the verb that function as adjectives. They can end in "ed," "en," (past tense) or "ing" (present tense).
The Gerunds Phrase are forms of the verb that function as nouns. They always end in "ing."
An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive, and its objects and modifiers.
The infinitive phrase to clear her mind acts as an adverb modifying drove.
Split Infinitives, Breaking up an infinitive with one or more adverbs is called splitting an infinitive.
TYPES OF CLAUSES
Like a phrase, it is a group of related words; but unlike a phrase, a clause has a subject and verb.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
It functions on its own to make a meaningful sentence and looks much like a regular sentence, e.g. He is a wise man.
In a sentence two independent clauses can be connected by the semicolons and coordinators: and, but, so, or, nor, for
, yet
. e.g. I was tired after working all day, so I decided to go to bed early.
BEGINNING SENTENCES WITH COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Used to join an independent clause to another independent clause like and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. e.g. But in my arms she was always Lolita.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
It is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence; it merely complements a sentence’s main clause, thereby adding to the whole unit of meaning. e.g. We can all go for ice cream
if I can find my wallet.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and functions as an adjective. e.g. They live in a house
whose roof is full of holes.
A relative clause always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined. e.g. The reason
why I came here today
is not important.
NOUN CLAUSES
A noun clause serves as a noun in a sentence.
e.g. Whoever is the last one to leave turns off the lights.
Nouns are the words used to refer to people, places, or things. e,g. Please tell me who left his shoes on the floor.
PRONOUN CASE IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Pronoun case in a dependent clause is determined by its function in the clause, no matter how that clause functions in the sentence. e.g. Richard feels like a knight
who
is headed for great adventure.
If the pronoun acts as a subject or subject complement in the clause, use "who" or "whoever." If the pronoun acts as an object, use "whom" or "whomever.“e.g. The new president was not
whom
she expected.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
An adverbial clause contains a subject and a verb, while an adverbial phrase does not. e.g. Because he loved her, he didn't believe she was having an affair.
Unlike other types of clauses, an adverbial clause is always a dependent clause. e.g. I never knew how wonderful life could be until I met you.
THE SENTENCE
It is the group words containing a subject and a predicate that express a complete thought.
Subject: What or whom the sentences is about.
SENTENCE TYPE
A simple sentence has one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.
A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses.
A complex sentence contain one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
A compound - complex sentence joins two or more independent clauses with one or more subordinate clauses.
Predicate: Tells what the subject does or what is done the subject.
By: OLIVO PAREDES Antoni Yeferson
Professional Career: Languages - English VII
