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ethnic differences in achievement (external), moynihan : argues that…

- - - - A03 racism is why black pupils fail
    - - A03 gillborn + mirza : indian pupils do very well despite often not having english as their home language
  - - - sewell : sees the problem as a lack of fatherly nurturing, meaning black boys find it hard to overcome the emotional and behavioural difficulties of adolescence
        
        street gangs; offer black boys 'perverse loyalty and love'
        
        A02 described as 'ultra-tough ghetto superstar', an image reinforced through rap lyrics
        
        A03 gillborn : argues that it is not peer pressure but institutional racism within education that produces the failure of black boys
      - father's absence also means that boys lack an adequate role model of male achievement
        
        A03 provides girls with positive role models of strong independant women
    - - sewell : indian and chinese pupils benefit from supportive families that have an 'asian work ethic' and place a high value on education
      - lupton : argues that adult authority in asian families is similar to the model that operates in schools
    - - ethnic minority pupils are more likely to aspire to go to university than white british pupils
      - parents' negative attitude towards education lowers pupils aspirations
- - - - explains why ethnic minorities are more likely to face unemployment and low pay, and so impacting children's education