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6.4 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) - Coggle Diagram
6.4 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
def: the cancer originating in the nasopharynx (the uppermost region of the pharynx).
spread
Local invasion: anterior, lateral, superior, inferior
Metastasis 转移: lymphatic spreading of tumor cells - bone, lung, liver
risk factors
poor body hygiene
age > 40 y/o
chronic nasal sinus infection
male
Chinese population - high consumption of salted vegetables, fish and meat
clinical staging
stage II: tumour extending in the local area
stage III: large tumour with or without neck disease
stage I: small tumour confined to nasopharynx.
stage IV: metastasis
Nursing problems & intervention
IMBALANCED NUTRITION: less than body requirement
maintain good nutritional intake, refer to dietician
IMPAIRED SPEECH
referral to speech therapist
DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING due to the swelling caused by the surgery
NGT placed before surgery
management
surgical
chemotherapy
: control distance metastasis
complications: hair loss, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, anorexia
surgery
: removal of tumour
medical
radiotherapy (most proper)
- last 6 to 7 weeks, continue after surgery
complications: dental carries (tooth decay), otitis media
clinical manifestations
nasal cavity involvement: nasal congestion鼻塞
ear involvement: sensation of blockage, serious otitis media
common: hearing loss, lump in the neck
diagnostic test
NASOPHARYNGOSCOPY鼻咽镜- measuring of tumour size
radiologic examination
Plain film (X-RAY) head and neck
CT scan head and neck
MRI
physical examination
history taking
biopsy活检