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Roma - Coggle Diagram
Roma
Roman Republic
The Early Republic
Around 600 B.C., an Etruscan became king of Rome. The Romans declared they would never again be ruled by a king. Instead, they established a republic. In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens.
Twelve Tables represents the victory of the plebeians when they demanded to write the laws because the patricians interpreted it to their convenience
In the early republic, different groups of Romans struggled for power. One group was the patricians, the wealthy landowners who held most of the power. The other important group was the plebeians, the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population.
Rome had two officials called consuls, they commanded the army and directed the government; however, their power was limited. The senate was the aristocratic branch of Rome’s government, it had both legislative and administrative functions in the republic. The assemblies represented the more democratic side of the overnment. In times of crisis, the republic could appoint a dictator—a leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army.
All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the army. Roman soldiers were organized into large military units called legions. A group of soldiers on horseback (cavalry) supported each legion. The military organization and fighting skill of the Roman army were key factors in Rome’s rise to greatness.
Rome Spreads Its Power
Rome’s location gave it easy access to the riches of the lands ringing the Mediterranean Sea. Roman merchants moved by land and sea.
The Punic War which was a war between Rome and Carthage and thanks to that Rome obtained more territory becoming a great empire.
Roman power grew slowly but steadily as the legions battled for control of the Italian peninsula. Rome had different laws and treatment for different parts of its conquered territory.
The Origin Of Rome
Rome was built on seven rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River; also was near the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea.
The earliest settlers on the Italian peninsula arrived in prehistoric times. They were the Latins, the Greeks, and the Etruscans. These settlers were considered to be the first Romans.
Roman Empire
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The Roman World
Slavery was a significant part of Roman life. It was widespread and important to the economy. The Romans made more use of slaves than any previous civilization. Slaves worked both in the city and on the farm. Other slaves, particularly those who worked in wealthy households, were better treated. Occasionally, slaves would rebel. None of the slave revolts succeeded. More than a million slaves lost their lives attempting to gain their freedom.
The earliest Romans worshiped powerful spirits or divine forces, called numina, that they thought resided in everything around them. In Rome, government and religion were linked.
Throughout its history, Rome emphasized the values of discipline, strength, and loyalty. The Romans were a practical people. Here, people from all walks of life came together to create a diverse society.
By the time of the empire, wealth and social status made huge differences in how people lived. Classes had little in common. However, most people in Rome barely had the necessities of life. During the time of the empire, much of the city’s population was unemployed. The government supported these people with daily rations of grain.
The Republic Collapses
As Rome grew, the gap between rich and poor grew wider. Thousands of enslaved persons were forced to work on these estates. By 100 B.C., enslaved persons formed perhaps one-third of Rome’s population. Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, attempted to help Rome’s poor. As tribunes, they proposed such reforms as limiting the size of estates and giving land to the poor.
The brothers made enemies of numerous senators, who felt threatened by their ideas. A period of civil war, or conflict between groups within the same country. As the republic grew more unstable, generals began seizing greater power for themselves. It now was possible for a military leader supported by his own troops to take over by force.
Julius Caesar was a military man who with help got to be elected as consul, climbing little by little until he became a dictator.
During his government there were some reforms like granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces, expanded the senate, helped the poor by creating jobs, increased pay for soldiers, etc.
Many nobles and senators expressed concern over Caesar’s growing power, success, and popularity. A number of important senators, plotted his assassination. Octavian and Mark Antony then became rivals. While leading troops against Rome’s enemies in Anatolia, Mark Antony met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. While he restored some aspects of the republic, Octavian became the unchallenged ruler of Rome.