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geography newcastle and lagos. - Coggle Diagram
geography newcastle and lagos.
lagos
challenges of rapid urban growth.
60% of people live in squatter settlements.
lack of infrastructure to provide services such as clean water waste, sanitation energy, healthcare and education.
physical geography - lagoon fishing village swalled up as city grew
inequalities in wealth. - access to services health, educaton, water, transport, waste, services reducing unemployment and crime.
managing environmental issues - waste disposal air and water pollution, traffic congestion
Social - Health Care
Urban areas have access to basic healthcare not always available in rural areas( where people die from curable diseases. ) This increases life expectancy in urban areas,.
Not always free in urban areas - people get stuck in hospital as can’t pay bills.
Social - Education
Access to education in Lagos - 20,000 schools and 10 universities. Education allows people to find a way out of poverty into work - finance, film or fashion. Average schooling age 9.
Education is not free so not accessible to all - especially in slums.
Social - Water
Water is available in city via public taps and boreholes or street vendors In compared to rural areas people could be walking miles to source fresh water to drink.
Only wealthiest have a piped water supply.
Social - Electricity
Improved access compared to rural areas and Two new power stations are planned to reduce the city’s shortage of electricity and to light the streets at night.
Regular blackouts
Wealthiest people use generator.
Social - Transport
solution Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
Good access taxis and busses and transport improvements are planned.
Installed from the suburbs to the CBD (central business district) on Lagos Island)
This provides a separate lane for buses to reduce travel times and 200,000 people use the service each day- a quarter of all commuters in Lagos!
High levels congestion.
Average 3 hrs spent in traffic each day.
Economic - Employment
There are better employment opportunities with higher pay and of a wider range in Lagos, that aren’t largely in the primary industry as found in rural areas e.g. farming. Tertiary jobs such as lawyers, computing, finance and business are in demand, allowing people to earn a significantly better wage in the formal sector, paying taxes and being able to send money home.
Jobs not accessible to all - many employed in informal sector.
Informal jobs can be dangerous
Economic - Informal Sector
Despite the difficulties of the informal industry, these industries offer poor often uneducated people a foothold in the city.
They can earn money and start to improve their quality of life from that point.
Here there is no minimum wage, the workers are unlikely to pay taxes, have no holiday rights and often work in dangerous or hazardous conditions.
challanges facts.
Lack of piped water- only the wealthiest 10% homes have a piped water supply. Other poorer areas have to share communal water points up to 3km away from the residential areas
Polluted water- either by bacteria or chemicals and can lead to diseases e.g cholera, wells and boreholes are often contaminated with sewage, even water from wate vendors can be contaminated.
Lack of a proper sewage system- open drains leads to sewage ending up in rivers and the Lagos Lagoon.
Sea level rising- future risk of flooding and further contamination by salty sea water
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Better healthcare, improved education, more reliable electricity supplies, better paid jobs, wider range of jobs, moving to be near family, higher standard of living
pull factors to move from urban areas in LICS and NEES.
Suggest why sanitation systems in cities in LICs/NEEs create challenges
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Along with this the toilet block may not have its own water supply so waste builds up and people cannot wash their hands.
In figure 2 there are lots of rubbish around the toilets which may attract rats or flies or other vectors which can transfer disease too.
LICS and NEES are growing rapidly with high levels of natural increase and rural to urban migration therefore its harder to provide enough facilities to everyone.
public toilets are shared by lots of people and therefore may get dirty and disease can spread rapidly.
government may not have enough money to maintain toilets and to keep them safe.
advantages of recycling waste:
saves recourses as new materials don't have to be found to replace those thrown away.
Newcastle
importance
Education: Universities- Newcastle and Northumbria are home to 45,000 students who contribute £500 million to the local economy
Medical facilities and research: Royal Victoria Infirmary and Freeman hospitals, Centre for Life research centre
Culture and Historical buildings: Sage, Castle Keep, Cathedral, Great North Museum
Entertainment: Theatre Royal, Utilita Arena, City Hall, Restaurants
Sport: Newcastle United Football Club - most expensive in world, St James’, Great North Run, Newcastle Falcons
Tourism: In 2019 brought in £1.76billion, airport helps to bring tourists to the area
Transport: International Airport, Train line connecting Edinburgh and London, Metro
Economy - Range industries (learning, health, digital technology, retail, tourism) contribute £13 billion to UK’s economy.
migration of growth and character
Migrants have moved into Newcastle over the years. This has changed the character of the city. It has become increasingly multicultural over time with many different races, cultures and languages in evidence throughout the city.
Newcastle has the highest rate of Student housing in the Uk
One in every 15 homes in Newcastle is Student housing.
Due to a rising population of students and young professionals in Jesmond - Osborne Road has in recent years become a popular venue for nightlife, eating and socialising.
Many students also live in Newcastle City Centre with alot of student accommodation being built in the past 10 year.
social and economic opportunities
more diverse. wider variety of food avalable. more cultural festivals.
language barriers
ensuring new people moving to newcastle are mixed well into society takes time.
difficult to avoid poorer cultural groups from moving to poorer regions creating ghettos or inequalities.
economic opportunities - Newcastle university. employs nearly 6000 staff and make nearly 490 million a year. HMRC for the uk government employ 6300 at its benton park view sute. NHS empoloys 12000 including in the RVI and freeman hospiytals.
Tourism - 1.75 billion and 16000 jobs. restaurants, hotels, transport and tourist attractions e.g museums.
integrated transport systems - A1 linking newcastle to London to Edinburgh. international airport connects to larger airports such as heathrow. central station link to kings cross.
problems - 1.21 billion in 2019 meaning lots of pollution and high maintenance. congestion cost 7 million a year to businesses.
metro - 78km. 350 million to modernise the metro. connects the airport and railway. good for residents and tourists. - still waiting for improvements, if successful it will become of economic benefit through enhanced access to jobs and increased productivity.
pedestrian zone - limit car journeys within city center - restricts vehicle access - reduces air pollution - public transport yes
congestion charge - city centre to stop higher polluting vehicles - reduces air pollution and private cars do not pay charge so it doesn't encourage people to buy low emission vehicles.
bus lane improvements - fine if drive in bus or cycle lane - gosworth high street still struggles with high amounts of congestion.
cycle lanes - inaccessibility 69% llive futher 125m from cycle route.
urban greening - provide habitats, take in co2, reduce flood risk. require regular maintenance. such as M and S