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Social psychology - Coggle Diagram
Social psychology
Group Behavior
Social facilitation
简单更好难更差
Social loafing 社会性堕化/搭便车效应
Deindividuation
Group polarization 群体极化 （物以类聚之后加强了原有观点）
Groupthink
desire for harmony
Minority influence/ individual’s power
Conformity
Chameleon effect/Automatic mimicry
Conformity experiment
Solomon Asch conducted this experiment
People will be asked (which line is equal with the standard line)
When we tend to conform? (从众条件)
group size（>=3）
others are all agree with one answer（前面人的观点都是一致的）
they are in the culture that encourage the standard rule(文化更保守)
Why does conformity happen
normative social influence
informational social influence
Stanford prison experiment
Obedience
Stanley Milgram’s shocking experiment (电击实验)
When people tend to obedience?
1.Close to the authority who deliver the order while relatively far from the learner
2.no role models for defiance
3.authority was supported by a prestigious institution(下达命令的权威者声望较高)
“好人”在社会影响力之下也可能做出可怕的事情
Foot-in-the-door effect
Prejudice
prejudice is attitude; discrimination is behavior
Stereotype thereat 成见威胁
Why do people tend to have prejudice
Vivid case
In group bias
Out group bias
Emotional roots for prejudice
How to reduce prejudice
superordinate goal最高目标
Contact Theory
敌对团体之间的接触将减少敌意
Bystander effect
当围观群众多的时候，人们更不容易提供帮助
Explanation
diffusion of responsibility
pluralistic ignorance 群体性忽视
when we tend to help ?
1.when people are in need
2.when people are similar to us
3.when we are in a small town
4.when we just observed others offering help 当我们刚刚看到其他人也在帮助别人。
5.when we are in a good mood/not in a hurry.
why do people decide to help others
Social exchange theory
互惠
Social-responsibility norm 社会责任原则
Attraction
Proximity 地理位置接近（同桌/邻居）
Similarity （两个人有共性：共同爱好/文化/价值观）
Appearance （长相；主要是第一次见面）
Mere-exposure effect 日久生情
Attitudes
Mere-exposure effect :star:
接触越多越喜欢
Persuasion
Central route persuasion :star:
involves deeply processing the content of the message
Peripheral route persuasion :star:
involves other aspects of the message
Cognitive dissonance theory认知失调理论
自己的想法和行为有矛盾或自己有两个互为矛盾的想法
人们被激励着保持一致的态度和行为
当他们不这样做时，他们就会经历失调
Compliance strategy
Door-in-the-face phenomenon :star:
不现实大请求接小请求
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon :star:
小请求接大请求
Norms of Reciprocity互惠原则
倾向于认为当别人为你做了好事，你也应该做些好事来回报
Social conflicts
Social trap
b)Mirror-image perceptions (冤冤相报)
Self-fulfilling prophecies自证预言
Attribution theory （归因理论）
dispositional & situational attribution
Dispositional：attribute the behavior to the person’s stable, enduring traits
Situational：attribute it to the situation
Attribution Errors （归因错误）
Fundamental attribution error基本归因错误
高估个人因素，忽视环境因素
Self-serving bias抢功劳和甩锅
好事都是自己的功劳，坏事都是别人的错
False-consensus effect
高估了其他人和自己的一致性
Just world bias
blame the victims受害者有罪论
Actor-observer bias双重标准
own behavior to situational causes and the behavior of
others to personal causes
Aggression
Instrumental aggression (有目的）
Hostile aggression （单纯仇恨）
Reason
Frustration-aggression principle挫折—攻击假说
Observational learning （observation + imitation）
social scripts 社会脚本