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Crusades - Coggle Diagram
Crusades
Survival
- Aid from West
- Papacy and Church:
- Called the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Crusade
- Secular Rulers
- Little to protect the kingdoms during second crusade
- Third crusades success likely prolonged life
- Italian trading cities
- Venice traded with the Holy Lands, allowing people, supplies and connection
- Support from Byzantium
- sporadic, less effective
- John Comnenus vassalised Antioch1137-38/1142-43
- Military Orders — Templars and Hospitallers
- Hospitallers given castles; Ibelin, Blanchegard, Bethgibelin and Krak (1144) — Fulk gave these
- defending against Muslims 1160s
- Templars 2nd Crusade, reorganises Louis VII's army, resists Turkish attack (1148)
- // '54, Ascalon held by Templars; '24, played no part in Tyre; '69, 1kbeds in main hospital
- // Gerard de Ridefort, templar, convinced Guy to attack Saladin at Hattin '87,
- Battle of Arsuf '91: T+H allowed victory over Saladin breaking ranks and charging
- Co-Operation
- lacking manpower
- Gov. Officials; Arab and Turkish
- Settlers married local women
- Melisende's designs of Church of Holy Sepulchre mixed culture
- Mosques were allowed to continue to function and villages/trading ports were connected
- Failure of 2nd crusade brings segregation
- Muslim Disunity
- Sunni Abbasids v. Shi'a Fatimids
- Seljuks v. Syrians v. Egyptians
- Mosul v. Damascus v. Aleppo
- morale was low, concepts like Lesser Jihad were being oushed aside
- '39 rulers of Damascus side with Colonisers against Zengi
- Greater Jihad yet to take hold ('40s)
- Baldwin I only had 300 knights ('00), but no Muslim opposition
- Strong leadership possible; 1119 Field of Blood, Zengi 1144 capture of Edessa
- unity resulted in low CS power; Nur-ad-Din (Battle of Inab'49), capture of Egypt '69
- Saladin; Damascus'74, Egypt/Yemen/Syria/Aleppo'83
- Strengths of Kindoms
- Political Leadership
- BII strong succession, avoided conflict and made peace
- Bohemund I captured 1100, Bohemund II killed'31, Raymond of Tripoli never took power
- Military leadership
- BI captured Arsuf and Ceseara'01, Acre'04, Beirut and Sidon'10
- Castellation
- Few thousand were left post-Jerusalem
- They held power over regions; Ascalon eg. Chastel Hernault and Ibelin; Homs Valley eg. Krak de Chevaliers
- Ellenblum; 165 fortified sites
- Three-phases of castle-building
- First Gen. '99-'15: 17 pre-existing, 8 newly-made
- Second Gen. '11-'69: calm, new castles remote areas (not defensive), SW-Jerusalem (Bethgibelin'36, Ibelin'41, Blanchgarde'42, Gaza'50) defensive
- Third Gen. '68-'87: increasing threat of Muslim attack, larger/better fortified, Kerak and Montreal
- bottled the crusaders up
- Raids, Strategy and battles
- Cavalry heavy
- Waiting in stronghold for Muslims to leave during attacks
- Harim'64, brought more people as there was a higher need for defense
- Failed attacks; Gerard de Rdiefort attacked 7k muslims with only 130 T+H, 4 live — battle avoidance was an important element
- Franks needed to adapt to the Muslims-tactics
- timing, new light cavalry
- // new Turkish tactics maces and clubs
Problems
- Succession
- Death of Baldwin II'31
- Fulk of Anjou was an outsider
- Died'43
- Baldwin III and Melisende could not defend the North — fall of Edessa
- Baldwin IV'74, leprosy made him unable to rule
- Guy of Lusignan (brother in law) outsider
- Baldwin V was 9 years old, Saladin seizes Jerusalem'87
- Internal Rivalries
- King Fulk (outsider) v. Count Hugh of Jaffa'34
- Hugh affairing with Melisende
- Louis VII France v. Raymond of Antioch — L tried Damascus not recapturing Edessa
- Baldwin III and Melisende (mother and son) argued over succession
- Baldwin III, Guy de Lusignan, Baldwin IV — succession Crisis
- Muslim Threat
- '40s Jihad
- Baldwin I had only 300 knights '00
- Fields of Blood'19
- Zengi capture Edessa '44
- Nur ad-Din Battle of Inab '49, Egypt'69
- Saladin Damascus'74, Egypt/Yemen/Syria/Aleppo'83
- Supplies/Finance
- Trading Privileges with Italy
- Ports — Acre, Tyre, Tripoli, Saint Simeon
- Muslim traders operated freely and Alexandria
- Taxed trade and offered exemptions
- Acre busiest port
- Manpower
- 300 knights left in Jerusalem'00
- 2 knights defended against Saladin'87
- Batte of Harran'04, Field of Blood'19
- Nur ad-Din rallied an abundence of men
Urban's Aims
- Preaching
- Used being a French nobleman to sway Lords, Bishops and Knights
- Unclear what he was truly calling for
- Rich and Poor promised the same thing
- 1096, toured N.France to recruit
- Long by spiritually rewarding pilgrimage
- War can be a christian duty and act of love for christains who were taken by non-believers
- Indulgence that would remove sins, need for penitence and quick heavenly passage
- Key Players
- Godfrey of Bouillon
- Previously sided with HIV
- Count Raymond of Toulouse
- declared willingness, Dec 1st 1095
- Strength of the Papacy
- Cluniac, connection to religious regimine
- bring unity to Christendom
- HIV tried to take Rome, UII connects to nobility, reclaim Rome 1094
- 1089, promises spiritual reward if rebuild Tarragona
- Clermont, Nov. 27 1095
- Inspire the unruly Lords to turn towards the East
- Free the Christians from the rule of non-believers
- Push the power of the papacy over the HRE
- hundreds responded with a cry of "Gods wills it"
Pre-Crusade
Key Players
- Fulk of Anjou 972-1040
- Walked naked to Jerusalem
- Burnt wife alive in wedding dress for adultery
- Odo
- William the conqueror's brother
- Bishop that fought in wars
- St Augustine
- Pope Gregory VII 1074-85
- St Benedictian
- Cluny, France
- power over the secular rulers
- Investiture Crisis
- v. Henry IV (HRE)
- Begged GVII to forgive him @ Canossa, 4 days on knees outside
- Planned 1070 Crusade
- 1073: allowed French Lords to attempt Muslim Spain
- Urban II 1088-99
- Cluniac
- 1094 Reclaimed Rome from HRE
- Called Crusade
- Robert Guiscard
- Captures Bari in S.Italy
- Planned Balkans invasion
- 1091, attacked Byzantine
- Malik Shah 1077-92
-
Isalmic World
- Muslim Empire
- 637, Battle of Yarmuk takes Jerusalem
- Christian and Jewish population allowed to practice by paying tax (Jizya)
- Seljuk Turks vs the Fatimids
Byzantium
- Geography
- 3 Sides blocked:
- North: Pagans cross the Danube
- South: Suljuks take Anatolia by 1077
- West: Normans take Sicily, Bari and plan Balkans
- Alexius:
- 1081, takes the land through bribery, deception, family ties
- 1082, paid German Emperor HIV to attack Rome (GVII had to recall Norman soldiers)
- Brought Venician navy, trade privileges for help
- Seljuks using the Norman distraction to advantage pre-Alexius
- Piacenza Appeal, March 1095
- UII's council at Piacenza, letter from AC arrives
- AC exaggerates the threat
- Played on threat to Christendom
Europe
- Faith
- Roman Catholic
- Purgatory reduced through penance
- Indulgence - full ride to heaven
- Violence
- Fulk of Anjou
- Lords made peasants foot soliders || farming and trade disturbed
- Odo
- St Augustine
- Reform
- Simony : paying one way into the papacy
- Pope Gregory
- Peace + Truce of God, fight on some days
- Papal Strength
- Try unite christendom
- Empower Rome
Motives
Material
- Famine and Poverty
- Farming issues: 850-1000, S.France and Italy
- Rising popualtion and Land pressure: France doubled pop 9th-13th
- Famines: W.Europe || good 1096
- 'land too narrow for pop'
- Land shortage
- N.France, Primogeniture only oldest get land
- S.France, Frereche split/shared land too much
- eg. La Hongre 2 sons crusade, 2 sons monks, 1 inherits
- Land, Wealth, Plunder
- Captures land would be kept
- Normans captured England and Byzantine lands
- Plunder, eg. Battle of Dorylaeum 1097, PC attacked wealthy Jewish pop of Mainz
Spiritual
- The Indulgences
- UII offered many types of indulgences
- Clermont Decree, preachers were offering total penance (people knew of the booty before the preaching, so what changed?)
- Monastic charters, Odo and Bernard left property to the church to look after
- Pilgrimage
- 1000 years since Jesus
- Violent men were able to do penance, eg. Robert 'the devil' of Normandy
- the Mappa Mundi depicts Jerusalem as the centre of the earth
- Holy War
- War if defensive
- armed pilgrimage
- arose a vigor and power 'Tancred's Chaplain'
- Robert of Normany
- Eldest son of William the Conqueror
- d. 1134, captured 1106 by Brother
- Godfrey of Bouillon
- descended from Charlemagne
- offered throne, "advocate of the Holy Sepulchre"
- d. 1100
- Robert of Flanders
- beginning till end, returnedd to Europe in honour, 1100
- Stephen of Blois
- Son-in-Law of WtConqueror
- fled Antioch 1098
- d. 1102, in battle after returning to crusade
- Raymond of Toulouse/Tripoli
- Senior leader, associated with UII
- Never returned to France, established county of Tripoli
- d. 1105
- Bohemond of Taranto
- most famed
- war with Byzantines since 1080s, captured Sicily
- Principlality of Antioch, never reached Jerisalem
- war with Greeks 1108
- d. 1111, S.Italy
- Count Hugh of France
- Brother to King Philip I of France
- shipwrecked on way to constantinople
- house arrest untill he swore an oath to AC
-d. 1101 Tarsus, campaigning against the Turks
Holy War
- Just War
- Bible; Joshua, David, Judas Maccabeus
- triumph of God over heathens
- 'War for the sake of peace'
- Augustine:
- Just cause
- defense/recovery of rightful possessions
- sanctioned by legitimate authority
- fighters must have the right intention
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