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ETHICS - Coggle Diagram
ETHICS
Naturalism
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- cognitive - it claims that ethical or moral claims can be known or proved
- realist - it depends on a real world relationship which exists
- empirical - it can be tested and proved by experience or experiment
- objective - morality becomes objective because it has a relationship with something real and doesn't depend on feelings, preferences or situations
- propositions - ethical statements are propositions because they are a meaningful declaration of a fact about ethics
- F.H. Bradley - believed a moral perspective was determined from self-realisation and from observing one's position in society
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rejects Kant's idea of duty for the sake of duty - it isn't based on the natural world and it doesn't guide us into morality or give human satisfaction
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PROBLEMS
- is/ought - observes that this 'is' the case, therefore you 'ought' to do a certain action e.g. reproduction example --> can't say that you have to do something (sentiment not considered) - just because something is the case, doesn't mean it ought to be the case
- naturalistic fallacy - make the mistake of trying to define the word 'good' e.g. utilitarianism defines good as happiness - compares goodness to the colour yellow - can't break them down to define them, good is good (foundational)
- Moore - open question argument - we can still ask the question 'is pleasure good?' - if there is more to good than pleasure than a naturalistic explanation doesn't explain everything
Intutionism
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ethical naturalism commits the naturalistic fallacy - good is foundational and indefinable like the colour yellow
Moore states "good is good, and that is the end of the matter"
Intutionism is objective, cognitive, a priori, innate and intuitive
H.A. Pritchard argued that we know our moral duty through our intuition, not through observation
Pritchard thought our intuitions involve more than just goodness, but also a sense of obligation
there is a gap between stating that something is good and saying that one ought to do it - so, resolving a moral dilemma involves weighing of contrasting obligations and trying to work out which is most important
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he argued the reason that people come to different conclusions is because some people have more maturity e.g. abortion example
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