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Programming languages: features/paradigms/implementation techniques:…

- - - - Dynamic
      - Portable
        
        what makes java portable and archtecture neutral?
        
        Hybrid language
        
        step 1. source code(.java) compiled into object(.class, bytecode)
        step 2. JVM interprets the object(byte)code
        
        2 advantages
        
        programs can run on any cpu as long as JVM is installed
        interpretation in JVM takes less time since it is interpreting low-level(object/byte) code, not high-level like purely interpreted langs(python)
      - Object Oriented
      - Simple
        
        example
        
        a c++ programmer can pick up java with little training needed
      - Secure
      - Distributed
      - Multithreaded
      - Architecture neutral
      - High Performance
        
        this has been mproved in java due to the recent introduction of
        
        in the case of loops, the statment within a loop must be interpreted each time around the loop
        
        execution times are especially long
        
        code executed immediately after editing, no compilation step in between
        execution time is increased since each line must be interpreted each time the program is executed
        
        1 advantage
        1 disadvantage
        
        1 more item...
        
        Just-in-time compilation
        
        reduces execution time in cases where methods are executed frequently(functions/blocks of code are called frequently like in a loop)
        
        reduces JVM overhead
        
        overhead
        
        1 more item...
        
        converts bytecode to native machine code at runtime
        
        removing the need for the JVM to interpret it
        
        helps ensure memory is available
      - Robust
        
        what makes java robust?
        
        automatic garbage collection
        
        garbage
        
        memory allocated on the heap that is no longer reachable by pointer
        
        example
        
        1 more item...
        
        capacity of a computer system to handle the errors during execution and manage the incorrect input of data
  - - - Includes the JRE, JVM, Javac, Jar, Javadoc
        
        JAR
        
        7 benefits of Jar files
        
        SDCPPPP
        
        packaged for sealing
        
        Compressed
        
        Decreased Download Time
        
        leading to
        
        because it is
        
        1 more item...
        
        packaged for extension
        
        allows your software to become extensions of the java platform
        
        portable
        
        Java core api provides handling for jar files
        any platform with java on it can handle jars
        
        packaged for versioning
        
        jars contain version and vendor info
        
        2 more items...
        
        Secure
        
        Jar files can be digitally signed by their author
        
        1 more item...
        
        a single archive containing all the class files and auxilary resourcess needed for certain applets/applications
        
        due to this bundling, only one HTTP transaction is needed, instead of one per file
        
        is a variety of zip file
        
        zip files
        
        good for 4 things
        
        compression
        
        1 more item...
        
        decompression
        
        archiving
        
        unarchiving
        
        meaning this command will work
        
        unzip -l allInOne.jar
        
        Java Archiver/Java archive tool, java archive file
        
        JVM
        
        Java virtual machine
        
        an instance of this is created when the java launcher tool is ran
  - - - windows, linux, mac os
        
        typical platforms
        
        hardware or software in which a program runs, often described as a cross between the operating system and underlying hardware
        
        Platform
    - - 1
      - 2
        
        java API
        
        provides wide array of classes for us to use in our code
        
        User interface toolkits to build GUIs
        
        JavaFX
        
        Java 2D
        
        Swing
        
        application programming interface
- - - - multiple independent small projects
    - - whole project is stored in a single location/repository,
      - can be built with a single command
      - share certain configuration data
      - more tightly coupled
    - - the code and data that yields a single deliverable
        
        deliverable
        
        3 examples
        
        an executable program, a library[Java .jar or
        
        C/C++ .a, .lib, .so, or .dll] , or
        
        a reference manual)
        
        usually an archive of some kind
        
        mainly "binary" deliverables
        
        in java
        
        deliverables packaged as a jar
        
        source code
        sometimes in jar,
        usually a zip
        
        if its a server-side web application
        
        delivered as War or Ear
        
        if its an android app
        
        delivered as apk
      - Sub-Project Directory (Java)
        
        contains 4 things
        
        sub-project build & configuration
        
        source code directory
        
        project and test data
        
        target directory for deliverables and other build projects(source code output placed here instead of source code directory when compiled)
    - - contains 4 things
        
        Top-level project documentation.
        
        ex:
        
        README.md, LICENSE.md
        
        Overall project build & configuration information
        
        ex
        
        build.xml
        
        does what?
        
        builds the sub-projects in the correct order
        
        bin
        
        lib
        
        contain
        
        the various sub-projects’ deliverables after being built
        
        One sub-directory per sub-project
        
        ex
        
        algae-client-server
        
        algae-cppserver
        
        algae-reference-manual
        
        demos
        
        Version control and configuration management information
        
        ex:
        
        .git, .gitignore, ivysettings.xml
- - - - c/c++ can be more flexibile
        
        why
        
        java's file structure must reflect the program structure
  - - - java
        
        java source code,
        compiled code goes to target/classes
      - resources
        
        data files that will be included in the deliverable archive
      - data
        
        data files required during build but not part of deliverable
    - - java
        
        java source code,
        compiled code goes to test-classes
      - resources
        
        data files, available during testing via CLASSPATH
        
        copy contents of this
        folder into target/test-classes
        to make test resources available during testing through the code written for accessing main(deliverable) resources
      - data
        
        test data
  - - - data and compiled code packed into the .jar deliverable
    - - the deliverable
    - - data and compiled source code from test/java for unit testing
    - - optional, method of storing testing outputs/reports
- - - - java
      - resources
      - data
    - - data
      - resources
      - java
  - - - main
        
        compiled code
      - test
        
        compiled code
      - libs
        
        deliverables placed here
      - reports
        
        generated reports inlcuding documentation, test coverage, analysis, etc
      - test-results
        
        outputs from testing
      - tmp
        
        work area for general temporary files
- - - - .c or .cpp files
  - - - sometimes librariaes and executables are copied to the project-level bin and lib directories
- - - - it performs any automated steps required to rebuild a software project after programmers have made changes
  - - - avoid unnecessary actions,
        abort bad builds in progress
    - - allow focused/partial builds
    - - allow for a variety of build actions, on a variety of platforms
    - - allow the management of multiple artifact configurations
- - - - a built-in project manager for compiling and linking, possibly packaging that comes with the IDE