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VCE Unit 4 Chemistry - Coggle Diagram

- - - - CONH2.
      - Suffix: - amide
    - - Primary Alcohol: carbon bonded to hydroxyl group is linked to one other carbon atom
      - Secondary: linked to two carbon atoms
      - Tertiary: linked to three carbon atoms
    - - NH2 bonded to carbon chain
      - Prefix: Amino. Suffix: Amine
    - - have a halogen (F,Br,Cl,I) atom bonded to carbon chain
      - suffix: Halo(methane)
    - - Carbonyl group bonded to to end of alkane
      - Suffix: -al
    - - Carbonyl group bonded to middle of carbon chain
  - - - Identify and name the parent carbon chain.
      - Identify the type of the organic compound and ending of its name.
      - Number the parent carbon chain.
      - Identify the number and position(s) of the functional group(s).
      - Identify the position and name of the substituent(s).
      - Write the complete name of the organic compound.
    - - If a compound has 2 functional groups, the parent carbon chain and substituent are determined based on the priorities of functional groups. As follows
  - - - Geometric isomers are formed due to the inability to rotate a carbon to carbon double bond.
      - Enantiomers are molecules whose structures cannot be placed on top of each other even though their atoms are connected in the same order
      - cis-trans isomers
        
        Cis A, trans B
        
        cis-trans isomers can exist when there is a C=C bond
  - - - Boiling point: temperature required to turn a substance from a liquid to its gaseous state
      - Flash point: lowest temperature at which the vapours of a fuel will spontaneously combust in the presence of an ignition source and oxygen
      - Viscosity: resistance of a substance to flow
      - Volatility: tendency of a substance to be vapourised
      - Permanent dipole-dipole bonding: bonding that occurs between non-polar ends of molecules that don't involve H,F,N,O
    - - Higher bond strength to lower: Hydrogen bonding, permanent dipole-dipole bonding, dispersion forces
      - See above for how these functional groups affect each area
      - Hydrogen bonds only occur when a H is bonded to N,O,F in the same molecule to create a higher difference in electronegativity. This difference in electronegativity produces a dipole which can attract Hydrogens of other molecules
    - - As surface area increases, there is greater amount of dispersion forces/intermolecular bonds that can interact with other molecules, increasing bonding strength.
      - The greater bond strength requires greater amount of energy to overcome. Therefore will have a greater boiling point
      - Increased bond strength, means molecules are more attracted to each other. Therefore they are more resistant to flow; having a high viscousity
      - Substances with increased intermolecular bonding strength will have a higher flashpoint (won't combust as easily) because a greater amount of energy is required to overcome the bonds.
      - Summary: Increased bonding strength = increased, boiling point, viscosity and flashpoint
  - - - C (in red) is attached to four different groups; methyl, H, OH, ethyl
      - Where a carbon atom is attached to four different groups/ molecules.
    - - Chiral Centre?
        
        Yes: More than 1 Chiral Centre?
        
        Yes: Plane of Symmetry?
        
        No: Chiral
        
        Yes: Achiral
        
        No: Chiral
        
        No: Achiral
  - - - Yield
        
        (actual yield/theoretical)x100
      - (molar mass of desired products/molar mass of all reactants)x100
    - - Substitution:
        
        Where one group is on a molecule is substituted for another (there are no other changes to the structure of the molecule)
      - Addition:
        
        A group is added to the molecule (the structure changes)
      - Condensation:
        
        Where water is a product
        
        Esterification (alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester + water)
      - Hydrogenation:
        
        Adding H2 as reactant
        
        requires catalyst
      - Hydration
        
        Adding H2O as reactant
        
        Requires catalyst and a high temperature
      - Oxidation of Primary alcohols
        
        redox reaction where alcohol is oxidised by a strong oxidising agent
        
        requires catalyst H+/KMnO4 or H+/Cr2O7
- - - - Individual amino acids or peptides undergo a condensation reaction. Here the the 'H' of NH2 Group bonds with the OH of the COOH of another peptide to form water. The remaining NH and CO forms a peptide bond which is CONH.
      - Example
      - This usually occurs on the main group and not the side chain
    - - In basic solutions, pH>7, amino acids form an cation, gaining a H on the NH2 group to form NH3+
      - When pH=7, amino acids will form a zwitterion with both an NH3+ and COO- groups
      - In acidic solutions, pH<7, amino acids form an anion, losing the H on the COOH to form COO-
    - - Secondary Structure
        
        Where the chain folds into different shapes due to hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces between the atoms in the chain itself
        
        Alpha-helix
        
        Beta-pleated sheet
      - Primary Structure
        
        Where the amino acids are linked by peptide bonds in a linear
        peptide chain
      - Tertiary structure