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M61Q2-3 Biotech and Genetic Tech - Coggle Diagram
M61Q2-3 Biotech and
Genetic Tech
Uses and Applications
of Past Biotech
ancient biotechnology was in practice for thousands of years without a full understanding of the biochemical processes involved.
traditional applications of biotechnology were mainly in plant and animal breeding.
as humans tried to improve the quality and yield of their food, seeds were selected from the best crops and the best quality animals were bred.
(selective breeding)
ancient people selected organisms for cross-breeding to develop different varieties that had favourable characteristics in future generations.
fermentation
was an ancient process using yeast to make bread from flour, as well as wine. early fermented alcoholic beverages included mead. foods such as yoghurt and cheese were produced using bacterial fermentation
traditional medicines
also used biological processes and organisms.
ancient egyptians used honey to treat wounds.
in 500BC, the Chinese used mouldy soybeans on boils and other skin infections.
traditional medicines often used naturally occurring antibiotics to treat infections.
Reproductive Tech
Selective Breeding
involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics.
used for: crop plants (better yields), ornamental plants (particular flower shapes and colours), farm animals (better quality meat or wool).
Artificial Pollination
in nature, pollination is random and results in the production of genetically variable offspring.
artificial pollination is a method that mirrors the action of insects but by which selective breeding to produce desired plant offspring is achieved.
involves removing the stamens of a flower and dusting pollen onto the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant (self-pollination) or a different plant (cross-pollination).
used to ensure a greater crop yield, make new varieties of plants, etc.
(-) loss of biodiversity
(+) higher crop yields
Artificial Insemination
involves collecting semen containing sperm from the male specimen using mechanical stimulation or an artificial vagina and portioning the collected semen sample into straws that are chilled and frozen in liquid nitrogen (long term storage and transport).
the semen is thawed and placed in a sterile 'gun'. the gun is inserted into the vagina to the cervix, where the semen is deposited.
(-) limited genetic variation
(+) favourable genes passed to offspring
Whole Organism and
Gene Closing
Gene Cloning
occurs at a cellular level
and is used to produce multiple
identical copies of a gene interest.
In Vitro:
polymerase chain reaction
is used to produce multiple copies of the specific gene.
PCR involves a process of thermal cycling to denature the DNA strand and the use of complementary primers that locate and duplicate the required section of DNA.
In Vivo:
involves the use of restriction enzymes, ligases and vectors to incorporate the desired gene into the DNA of a living organism, where it will replicate.
the original gene in the host organism will express the same protein as the host because the genetic code is universal (ATCG).
1.
the gene is cut from the source organism using restriction enzymes (produced by bacteria)
2.
the gene is pasted into a vector DNA or plasmid by a process known as ligation. (ligase enzymes join fragments of DNA.
3.
the plasmid containing the gene is introduced into a host cell by a process called transformation.
4.
the host cell can now make copies of the vector DNA when it makes copies of its own DNA.
PCR
reaction mixture is heated to 95 C to denature the DNA.
the two DNA strands separate to make single strands.
mixture is cooled to 50-60 C, allowing primers to anneal to template DNA.
mixture is heated to 72 C and the DNA polymerase enzyme moves down the template, separating new DNA.
the regions between the two primers are synthesised.
Whole Organism Cloning
organisms that are exact copies.
every single piece of genetic material
is identical between separate individuals.
aims to produce a new organism that
is genetically identical to the parent organism
PLANTS
- tissue culture:
cells taken from any part of the plant can be grown in a laboratory to make clones.
somatic cells are taken from an adult plant and placed into a petrie dish with nutrient medium and plant hormones which induce the somatic cells to become meristematic.
the meristematic cells can develop into embryos and produce seedlings with identical genetic material to the plant that donated the cells.
(-) loss of biodiversity
(+) increased number of plants with desirable characteristics produced in a given time frame
ANIMALS
artificial embryo twinning
:
a technique that mimics the natural
process which leads to identical twins.
embryo splitting takes place in a petri
dish. split into two individual cells and are
then transferred into a surrogate mother.
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
:
technique that involves the removal of a
single set of chromosomes from a donor
egg cell and then replacing these
chromosomes with the nucleus of a somatic
cell (enucleation) taken from the organism
being cloned.
the egg cell is then induced to divide
as though under the natural fertilisation
process. one the embryo has developed,
it is transferred to the uterus of a
surrogate female organism and is born.
(-) loss of biodiversity
(+) endangered and possible extinct
populations can be rebuilt
Recombinant DNA and
Transgenic Species
Recombinant DNA
the aim of recombinant DNA technology is to insert a gene from one species into the genome of another.
four main ways:
1.
microinjection of DNA directly into the nucleus of a single cell.
2.
biolistics- mechanically delivering DNA on microscopic particles into target tissues and cells by 'firing' them from a gene 'gun'.
3.
electroporation- increasing the membrane permeability by applying an electrical current.
4.
transduction by a vector- DNA is carried into cells by a viral vector. injected directly into the blood stream or aerosol delivery.
Transgenic Organisms
transgenic organisms are a type of genetically modified organism, however unlike GMO that has had its genome altered by direct mutation or newer technology, transgenic organisms have had genes from another species inserted into them.
can increase the yield of crops, increase the quality of plants and animals, develop disease resistant crops, etc.
agriculture:
cotton- insect resistant
medicine:
mice- used to produce monoclonal antibodies used to recognise specific types of protein markers on cancer cells