Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Skin diseases in the tropics - Coggle Diagram
Skin diseases in the tropics
Dengue
Pathogen
During the taking of a blood meal.
Dengue viruses (DENV). More risk with DENV-2.
Clinic manifestations
Febrile phase
Fever (≥38.5°C) + headache, vomiting, myalgia, arthralgia, pain with eye movement and a transient macular rash in some cases
Rash occurs two to five days after the onset of fever
Convalescent phase
Plasma leakage and hemorrhage resolve, vital signs stabilize, accumulated fluids are resorbed and a rash may appear
Critical phase
Result from secondary infections more than 18 months after the first infection
Systemic vascular leak syndrome (plasma leakage, bleeding, shock, and organ impairment)
Lasts for 24 to 48 hours
Vector
Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
Yellow Fever
Pathogen
Yellow fever virus
Family Flaviviridae, a group of small (40 to 60 nm), enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells.
Yellow fever virus is a single serotype and is antigenically conserved, so the vaccine protects against all strains of the virus.
Clinic manifestations
Period of remission
Abatement of fever and symptoms.
Period of intoxication (severe yellow fever)
Return of fever, prostration, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, jaundice, oliguria, and hemorrhagic diathesis.
Period of infection
The patient is febrile and complains of generalized malaise, headache, photophobia, lumbosacral pain, pain in the lower extremities, myalgia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, irritability, and dizziness.
Flushed skin, reddening of the conjunctivae and gums, and epigastric tenderness. Enlargement of the liver with tenderness. The tongue is red at the tip and sides with a white coating in the center. The pulse rate is slow relative to the height of the fever (Faget's sign). The temperature is typically 39ºC but may rise as high as 41ºC.
Vector
Aedes aegypti
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Clinic manifestations
Begins as a pink-colored papule that enlarges and develops into a nodule or plaque-like lesion (with central softening), leading to a painless ulceration with an indurated border.
In Old World CL, the ulcer is often covered with a hyperkeratotic eschar
In New World CL, the ulcer may be covered with thick white-yellow fibrinous material
Multiple lesions may be present. The clinical appearance can be variable and may include sporotrichoid, verrucous, zosteriform, psoriaform, eczematous, and/or erysipeloid features.
Vector
Sand fly
Phlebotomus papatasi.
Pathogen
Protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania: major, tropica, aethiopica, mexicana, braziliensis, guyanensis.
Cutaneous larva migrans
Pathogen
Ancylostoma braziliense or Ancylostoma caninum
Humans may become infected when filariform larvae in the soil partially penetrate the skin
Clinic manifestations
Occurs most frequently on the lower extremities, the buttocks, anogenital region, trunk, and upper extremities
Many pruritic erythematous papule can develop at the site of each larval penetration
Within a few days thereafter, intensely pruritic, elevated, serpiginous, reddish-brown tracks appear as the larvae migrate at a rate of several millimeters (up to a few centimeters) per day
Lesions may become vesiculated, encrusted, or secondarily infected. The pruritus can be so intense that it causes sleep disturbance
Vector
Dog or cat feces
Schistosomiasis
Pathogen
Blood trematodes (flukes) in the genus Schistosoma.
Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni.
Clinic manifestations
Swimmer's itch
Localized dermatitis that can result in a pruritic papular or urticarial rash at the site of larval entry. It typically develops on the feet or lower legs.
Acute schistosomiasis syndrome (Katayama syndrome)
Systemic hypersensitivity reaction.
Sudden onset of fever, urticaria and angioedema, chills, myalgias, arthralgias, dry cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain (hepatosplenomegaly), headache and eosinophilia.
Vector
Emergence of cercariae (the infectious form of the parasite) from the snail leads to contamination of the water.
Bibliography
Aronson, N. (27 de July de 2021). Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis. Obtenido de UpToDate:
https://www-uptodate-com.bibliotecavirtual.udla.edu.ec/contents/cutaneous-leishmaniasis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=Cutaneous%20Leishmaniasis%C2%A0&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H83446472
Clerinx, J., & Soentjens, P. (29 de April de 2021). Schistosomiasis: Epidemiology and clinical manifestations. Obtenido de UpToDate:
https://www-uptodate-com.bibliotecavirtual.udla.edu.ec/contents/schistosomiasis-epidemiology-and-clinical-manifestations?search=Schistosomiasis%20cutanea&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6283786
Thomas, S., & Rothman, A. (22 de November de 2021). Dengue virus infection: Pathogenesis. Obtenido de UpToDate:
https://www-uptodate-com.bibliotecavirtual.udla.edu.ec/contents/dengue-virus-infection-pathogenesis?search=dengue&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~109&usage_type=default&display_rank=2
Thomas, S., Rothman, A., Srikiatkhachorn, A., & Kalayanarooj, S. (23 de February de 2021). Dengue virus infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis. Obtenido de UpToDate:
https://www-uptodate-com.bibliotecavirtual.udla.edu.ec/contents/dengue-virus-infection-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=dengue&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~109&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
Weller, P., & Leder, K. (22 de July de 2021). Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans. Obtenido de UpToDate:
https://www-uptodate-com.bibliotecavirtual.udla.edu.ec/contents/hookworm-related-cutaneous-larva-migrans?search=cutaneous%20larva%20migrans&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~26&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2
Wilder-Smith, A. (1 de February de 2022). Yellow fever: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. Obtenido de UpToDate:
https://www-uptodate-com.bibliotecavirtual.udla.edu.ec/contents/yellow-fever-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=Yellow%20Fever&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6
