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Chapter 13: Research Design - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 13: Research Design
Research Approach :
1.Exploratory research
a) Aims to gain insights and ideas.
b) Break broad, imprecise problem statements into smaller and more precise sub-problem statements
Causal research
a) Based on the principle of causality which emphasise the relationship of cause and effect
Descriptive research
a) Provide clear picture of specific issue, to describe the characterisitic of certain research problem and to estimate and to make prediction of the social phenomena.
Research Design
Definition: basic plan or strategy of research and the logic behind it and its possibility and validity to draw general conclusion
3 important areas:
Identification of the sample organisation
the process of data collection
plan for the analysis of data
Criterias to choose the right design study:
a) study objectives
b) nature of research questions choosen
c) type of information needed
d) nature of respondents
e) empirical methods
f)economical procedures
g) validity
h) accuracy
i) degree of control researcher has
j) effort and time
Non-experimental designs
a)Commonly used in the social sciences
b) No manipulation of variables by researcher
c) carried out in natural setting, phenomenas are observed as they occur
Most widely used are:
Case study
4 major forms :
a) focus on a crucial issue that occur in a single organisation
b) focus on a crucial issue that occur in a single location
c) focus on a crucial issue that occur in a person
d) focus on a crucial issue that occur in a single event
Main advantage:
a. suitable to examine particular issue that is little known
b. able to investigate individuals or programs changes affected by certain circumstances or interventions
c. useful to provide preliminary support to develop research questions or hypothesis
Survey
Main advantage:
a. participants are selected randomly from a sample can represent the characteristics of studied population
b. flexible procedure
c. can be used to evaluate theories
Weaknesses:
a. may reflect artificial sentiments of population
b. may reflect inconsistent attitudes of respondents towards your questions
c. cannot enforce participants to provide honest answer
d. provide tentative answers
Correlational study (study of relationship/association between one or more independent variables and dependent variables)
Show 2 important findings:
1) If the nature of this relationship is positive or negative
2) strength of correlation between the variables
Cross-sectional study
Allows researchers to select two or more cases based on 3 reasons:
to create differences among variables being studied
to make finer distinctions between cases
to meet the requirements of sampling procedure where informations is collected from participants who work in different organisation
Patterns of relationship between variables:
a) Direct causal relationship- cause variable directly affects the effect variable
b)Indirect causal relationship- cause variable indirectly affect the effect variable via one or more moderating variables
Longitudinal study
To continue studies about particular issues that has been done previously
Grounded theory
Developing theory based on data collection from field study settings.
Action research (integration of research, action, and participation which is used to meet social change agenda
Characteristics:
a) Research- mechanism used to generate a new knowledge
b) Participation- participatory process that involves social researchers and organisations' members
c) Action- promotes liberal action
Main purpose:
increase ability of involved organisation's members to control their own objectives more effectively
2.to keep improving the capability to achieve their objectives
Comparative design
Major types:
cross-cultural approaches
intercultural approaches
Experimental design
4 Basic components:
Manipulation- researcher manipulate 1 variable
Measurement- A second variable is measured for a group of participants to obtain a set of scores in each treatment condition
Comparison- Scores gained from 1 treatment condition need to be compared with scores from other treatment conditions
Control- control all other variable
2 Major types of experimental design:
1) laboratory settings( done in laboratory or artificial settings)
2) field experiment (real- life settings)
2 Major types of experiments:
True experiments
complete control all aspects in an experiment
Quasi experiments
not able to control all aspects
Ethnography
Used in cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology and education
uses in depth approach to study group of people that share common culture in natural setting for long period of time