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The Epidemiological Transition - Coggle Diagram
The Epidemiological Transition
Formulated by epidemiologist, Abdel Omran in 1971. Comprises of 3 stages characterised by fertility rates and cause of death.
The 1st Epidemiological Transition
Occurred about 1000 years ago when man moved towards the agricultural society. People began to stay in one place which increased their contact with human and animal waste (and contaminated water supplies).
As cities grew and exploration of the world increased, man spread deadly diseases increased - more widely spread. It was named
'the age of pestilence and famine'
. Epidemics, famine and wars caused huge numbers of deaths.
Infectious diseases were dominant, causing high mortality rates especially in children.
Crude death rate is high, ranges from
30-50+ deaths per 1000
.
Infant mortality rate =
200-300 deaths per 1000
live births.
Life expectancy between
20-40
years old.
The 2nd Epidemiological Transition
Begun roughly 200 years ago with the industrial revolution. Many of the old diseases didn't go away but new chronic, non-infectious and degenerative diseases were the main cause of death.
Named
'the age of receding pandemics'
. Increased economic growth led to a decline in deaths due to infectious diseases.
Death rate =
less than 30/1000
.
Infant mortality rate =
150/1000 live births
.
Life expectancy = climbed from 35 to
50
.
The improvements happened due to clean water and sanitation, increased food safety and the introduction of modern healthcare and technologies.
There was an increase in allergies, asthma, autoimmune disorders and STDs.
The 3rd Epidemiological Transition
Began in the late 20th C, named
'the age of chronic diseases'
.
The elimination of infectious diseases makes way for chronic diseases among the elderly. The major cause of death are chronic, degenerative, man-made diseases like CVD, diabetes and cancer. Although improved healthcare makes these less fatal than infectious diseases.
Low levels of population growth due to low levels of mortality and fertility.
Death rate =
20/1000.
Infant mortality rate =
less than 25/1000
live births.
Life expectancy =
80+
years. There is a longer period of morbidity.
Stage 4?
Would be named 'the age of delayed degenerative diseases'.
Medical advances delay onset of degenerative diseases like CVD, this has raised life expectancy. Obesity and diabetes become increasingly problematic and common health risks.