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Development, Case study-Hi-technology :check: :(Kelsey) :<3: :smiley: :…

- - - - » a good initial level of infrastructure
      - » a skiled but relatively low - cost workforce
      - » cultural traditions that revere education and achievemen
      - » governments that welcomed foreign direct investment ( FDI ) from transnational corporations
      - » distinct advantages in terms of geographical location
      - » the ready availability of bank loans , often extended at government behest and at attractive interest rates .
    - - The Gini coefficient is a technique frequently used to show the extent of income inequality .
      - It is defined as a ratio with values between 0 and 1.0.
      - A low value indicates a more equal income distribution while a high value shows more unequal income distribution .
      - In general , more affluent countries have a lower income gap than lower income countries .
      - Southern Africa and South America show up clearly as regions of very high income inequality . Europe is the world region with the lowest income inequality .
  - - - Decreasing various two word trade , capitalism now virtually unchallenged as the global model for economic development, increasing culture diversity in a growing number of countries, highest average levels of international tourism, growing influence of global brands, emergency of an increasing number of NICs, increasing levels of outsourcing to lower wage economics, rising level of international migration, greatest Everglobal connectivity in transport and communications, increasing influence of large TNCs, increasing economic power of major trait blocs.
- - - - Tourism brings in valuable foreign currency and benefits other sectors of the economy.
      - It provides considerable tax revenues.
      - By providing employment in rural areas it can help to reduce
        rural-urban migration.
      - A major tourism development can act as a growth pole.
      - It can create openings for small businesses and support many jobs in the informal sector.
    - - Tourism industry (direct effect) Accommodation, recreation, catering, entertainment, transportation
      - Tourism economy (indirect effect)
        Aircraft manufacturing, chemicals,
    - - most local jobs created are menial, low-paid and seasonal
      - money borrowed to invest in the necessary infrastructure for tourism increases the national debt
      - at some destinations tourists spend most of their money in their hotels with minimum benefit to the wider community
  - - - During the seventeenth century, doctors increasingly began to recommend the benefits of mineral waters, and by the end of the eighteenth century there were hundreds of spas in Britain.
        
        The second stage in the development of holiday locations was the emergence of the seaside resort as people were beginning to appreciate coastal landscapes in a new way.
        
        The annual holiday was a product of the Industrial Revolution, which brought big social and economic changes. However, until the latter part of the nineteenth century only the very rich could afford to take a holiday away from home.
        
        The first package tours were arranged by Thomas Cook in 1841 in the UK. At the time it was the newly laid railway network that provided the transport infrastructure for Cook to expand his tour operations.
        
        Of equal importance was the emergence of a significant middle-class with time and money to spare for extended recreation. There was also a growing appreciation of what human landscapes such as major cities could offer.
        
        By far the greatest developments have occurred since the end of the Second World War.
        
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  - - - growth pole：A particular location where economic development, in this case tourism, is focused, setting
        off wider growth in the region as a whole
        
        economic leakage：The part of the money a tourist pays for a foreign holiday that does not benefit the
        destination country because it goes elsewhere.
        
        multiplier effect：The idea that an initial amount of spending or investment causes money to circulate in the
        economy, bringing a series of economic benefits over time.
        
        sustainable tourism：Tourism organised in such a way that its level can be sustained in the future without
        creating irreparable environmental, social and economic damage to the receiving area
        
        destination footprint：The environmental impact caused by an individual tourist.
        
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    - - package tour：The most popular form of foreign holiday where travel,accommodation and meals may allbe included in the price and booked in advance
  - - - Tourism has reached such a large scale in so many parts of the world that it can only continue with careful management. However, sustainable tourism strategies have been much more successful in some areas than others
      - Virtually every aspect of the industry now recognises that tourism must become more sustainable. Ecotourism is at the leading edge of this movement.
- - - - Disadvantages
        — High inputs of fertiliser and pesticide are required to optimise production. This is costly in both economic and environmental terms. In some areas rural indebtedness has risen sharply
        — HYVs require more weed control and are often more
        susceptible to pests and diseases.
        — Mechanisation has increased rural unemployment
        —Some HYVs have an inferior taste.
        — The problem of salinisation has increased along
        with the expansion of irrigated areas
      - Advantages
        — Yields are twice to four times greater than for
        traditional varieties
        — The shorter growing season has allowed the
        introduction of an extra crop in some areas
        — Farming incomes have increased, allowing the
        purchase of machinery, better seeds, fertilisers and pesticides.
        — Employment has been created in industries
        supplying farms with inputs.
      - Introduced hybrids of wheat,rice,maize,sorghum and millet
    - - Food aid
        -relief food aid
        -programme food aid
        -project food aid
        
        Problems with food aid
        —too expensive and not sustainable
        —the selling of heavily undermined the ability of African farmers to produce for local markets
    - - Both short-term and long term
        -malnutrition
    - - Economic and political factors:
        —low capital investment
        —rapidly rising population
        —poor distribution/transport difficulties
        —conflict situations
        —grain reserves at very low levels
        —rising food prices
      - Natural factors:
        —soil exhaustion
        —drought
        —floods
        —tropical cyclones
        —pests
        —diseases
  - - - The application of techniques to control the growth and harvesting of animal and vegetable products.
    - - The way in which land is or can be owned.
    - - The reduction in unit cost as the scale of an operation increases.
    - - The introduction of high-yielding seeds and modern agricultural techniques in developing countries.
    - - Supplying dry land with water by systems of ditches and also by more advanced means.
    - - A practice in which there are recognisable inputs, processes and outputs.
  - - - —Preparing land
      - —Ploughing
      - —Harrowing
      - —Manuring
      - —Sowing
      - —Fertilising
      - —Weeding
      - —Pest control
      - —Harvesting
      - Recycled product
    - - Main product (wheat grain for sale for further processing)
      - By-product (straw bales for animal feed)
      - Waste product (stubble,burned or ploughed in to enrich soil for next year)
    - - Administrative and organisational costs
      - Fertilisers
      - Machinery
      - Pesticides
      - Labour
      - Seeds
      - Energy
      - Land
- - - - Physical inputs (e.g.timber,iron ore )and human/economic inputs (e.g.labour,capital)
      - are the elements that are required for the process to take place.Input include raw materials,labour,energy,and capital
  - - - Greenfield location
        
        An area of agriculture land or some other undeveloped site earmarked for commercial development or industrial projects 。
      - Industrial estate
        
        An area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development
      - Industrial agglomeration
        
        The clustering together of economic activities in close proximity to one another.
      - Footloose industries
        
        Industries that are not tried to certain areas because of energy requirements or other factor.
        Industrial agglomeration:the clustering together of economic activities in close proximity to one another.
      - Waste product
        
        All manufacturing industries produce waste product that has no value and must be disposed of. Cost will be incurred in the disposal of waste product.
      - By product
        
        Something that is left over from the main production process ,which has some value and therefore can be sold
  - - - Capital:some areas are more likely to attract the investments than others.
      - Labour:In some areas,labours are cheaper and have better quality than others.
      - Transportation and communication:Access to the place where have a good transportation systems will reduce the cost of transportation.
      - Markets:The location and the size of the market is ipmportant
      - Government influence:in some areas,the government polices may have some indirect and direct impactson the industry.
      - Quality of lifeL:Some highly skilled worakers may like the areas where have the good quality of life.
    - - Raw materials：In the production,firms need many raw materials.So they need to locate as close as possible to the raw materials.
      - site：The firms need to choose a location where with a enough water supply and flat ground.Because the availbility and cost of land is important.
      - Energy: some firms need too much energy to produce goods,so they will locate the place where the fee of energy is cheap.
      - Transport:Firms need to near the natural routeways and habours.It will reduce the cost of transportation for the firms.
      - Climate:It is important that firms choose a place with good cliamate.It will have some indirect benefits such as lower heating bills or better living standard.
- - - - Moderate
      - Pleasant climate
    - - the capital city of Karnataka city
      - on the Deccan Plateau over 900m above sea level
- - - - Processing industries are based on the direct processing of raw
        materials.
      - Processing industries are often located close to their raw materials.
        
        E.g.steel industry
    - - Assembly industries put together parts and components that have
        been made elsewhere.E.g.car assembly plant
      - Assembly industries usually have a much wider choice of location than processing industries and thus they are often described as 'footloose' industries
    - - High-technology industry is the fastest growing manufacturing industry in the world.
      - High-technology industries often cluster together in science parks.
      - :
        
        ‘high—tech' companies use or make silicon chips, computers, software, robots, aerospace components and other very technically advanced products
    - - Depending on the nature of processes and products in terms of unit weight.
    - - Depending on the size of plant and machinery, and the number employed.
    - - Where the location of the industry is drawn either towards the market or the raw materials required.
    - - Depending on the ratio of investment in plant and machinery to the number of employees.
    - - Many firms in the small- to medium-size range manufacture in only one country. Transnationals produce in at least two countries.