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Reshoring, Mapping and measuring GVCs, Offshoring and labor market, 4.0…

- - - - Micro data
        
        Trade data from firms
        
        +) firm-level data reveal large differences across firms in offshoring activities. (Hummels et al., 2018)
        
        (-) available for only a set of limited countries (Hummels, et al., 2018)
        (-) Data if often confidential and not accessible for all researchers (Hummel et al., 2018)
        (-) zooming in so loses cross-country variation (Hummels et al., 2018)
        
        Hummels, Jorgensen, Munch, and Xiang (2014), Amiti and Konings (2007), Amiti and Davis (2011), Kasahara and Rodrigue (2008), Bernard et al. (2007)
        
        Surveys???
        
        Park (2012) - use Trade Adjustment Assistance applications
        Goos, Manning, and Salomons (2013) public declarations (European Restructuring Monitor)
        Fort (2015) - use contract manufacturing
        Bernard and Fort (2013) - use "factoryless goods producers" -> outside manufacturing sectors, but heavily involved in activities related to the production of manufactured goods
        
        (-) it is possible to identify specific reported events that correspond well to our conceptual understanding of offshoring, these events may not offer a representative look at the offshoring that actually occurs.
        
        Other Approaches
        
        No of foreign plants (Feenstra and Hanson, 1997)
        
        Growth in employment for affiliates of US multinational firms (Ebenstein et al., 2014 and Ottaviano, Peri and Wright (2013)
        
        (+) closer to identify particular firms that are changing the mix of activities due to foreign production (Hummels et al., 2018)
        (+) a more general class of activities that can be identified using merchanise trade data alone (Hummels et al., 2018). Ex: exchange of headquarter services (not inlcude material inputs)
        
        (-) entirely miss offshoring activities that occur in an arms-length way
      - Macro data
        
        Employment
        
        parts and components
        
        -) only include direct
        (-) many traded inputs are not listed as a "part" or a "component". ???Examples???
        (-) identify who (which firm or industry) is using the input. National trade statistics do not provide this information
        
        Ng and Yeats (1999)
        
        (+) Conceptually clear, allows for the maximum possible coverage since virtually all countries report bliateral trade data over long stretches of time (Hummels et al, 2018)
        
        global input-outputables
        
        +) include indirect and direct
        
        (-) proportionality assumption (Hummels et al., 2018)
        (-) a product is intermediate/final dpend on who using it
        
        Broad offshoring: many firms purchase raw materials as inputs. Narrow offshoring: in the same industry -> if firms in that industry, we are reatively confident that the auto industry is capable of producing auto parts itself, but they may choose to offshore production of auto parts
        
        processing trade
        
        -) only include direct
    - - Macro
        
        Input-Output Tables
        
        Krenz (2021) paper only direct
      - Micro
        
        Surveys