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Schizophrenia 2 - Coggle Diagram
Schizophrenia 2
Psychological explanations
Schizophrenogenic mother
Frieda Fromm-Reichmann
Based on accounts from her own parents childhood
Schizophrenogenic mother
= cold, domineering,
manipulative and created a high level of conflict,
tension and secrecy in the family
Distrust, resentfulness and instability
=
schizophrenic
reaction e.g. paranoid delusions in the child
Evaluation:
:check:
Lidz et al
found a link between emotionally
distant parents/unequal marriages and schizophrenic
children
:red_cross: Memories recalled about such events
from childhood may be innacurate
:red_cross: Gender bias against women and
undervalues men and their integral role in
development
Double bind theory
Bateson
Mixed messages from parents cause the child to learn that they cannot trust others and thought processes are effected
Mixed messages from parents
= Do not trust their own feelings and perceptions
Double bind
= contradictory information
Child is punished for doing what is asked of them and is then punished again by not receiving an explanation
Children become confused and lose their grip on reality, viewing the world as dangerous leading to symptoms such as disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions = risk factors of SZ
Evaluation:
:check:
Berger
found a link between amount of double bind statements recalled from childhood and schizophrenia
:red_cross:
Liem
found no correlation of childhood communication and schizophrenia compared to a normal family
:red_cross: Lack of temporal validity due to the shift from hospital care to care in the community during the 1980s
Expressed emotion
Expressed emotion
= The level of emotion, particularly negative, expressed by a carer to the SZ patient
1.
Critical comments through both tone and content, occasionally accompanied by violence
2.
Hostility towards the patient, including anger and rejection
3.
Emotional over-involvement in the life of the patient, including needless self-sacrifice
High factors = high stress levels = high risk of relapse
Evaluation:
:check:
Brown
found in families with high levels of EE the relapse rate was 58% and in families with low EE the relapse rate was 10%
:red_cross: Difficult to establish a cause and effect between expressed emotion and a relapse of SZ
:red_cross: Other factors may play a role in the relapse of SZ e.g. already existing family relationships
The interactionist approach
The diathesis stress model
Diathesis
= vulnerability
Stress
= a negalive
psychological experience
Original equation:
Schizogene +
stressor = schizophrenia
Modern equation:
Trauma +
stressor = schizophrenia
No single schizogene
Epigenic:
Read
proposed the
idea that early trauma in life affects
a developing brain
Guo et al
identified that using
this model a combination of
treatments is the most effective
Turkington et al
says it is accurate
to believe SZ has a biological cause
and still use CBT to treat symptoms
Meehl's model
Original and outdated
Believed diathesis was entirely genetic
and that there was a single schizogene
present, which led to the development
of the schizotypic personality which is
inaccurate
According to Meehl, if you did not have
the schizogene no amount of stress
could lead you to developing SZ
This has been disproven by gene mapping
Evaluation:
:check:
Tienari
found evidence of
a link in 19,000 adopted children by
finish mothers and those who had a
high genetic risk + stress and those
who only suffered the stress with SZ
:check:
Tarrier
also found that
medication and CBT reported lower
symptom levels proving an interactionist
approach
:red_cross: Meehls model is over simple
and the idea of a single schizogene is reductionist
Cognitive explanation
Dysfunctional thought processes
Focuses on the mental thought processes
and the abnormality of them
Reduced processing in the Ventral Striatum
= Negative symptoms
Reduced processing in the Temporal and
Cingulate Gyri
= Hallucination
Frith et al
Metarepresentation
= The cognitive
ability to reflect on our own and others thoughts
and behaviours
Dysfunction
= disrupts our ability to recognise
our own actions and thoughts are being
carried out by ourselves rather than somebody else
Explains hallucinations of voices and delusions
Central control
= The ability to suppress automatic
responses while we perform deliberate actions instead
Explains disorganised speech and thought disorders
Evaluation:
:check:
Stirling et al
gave scientific
evidence that when doing the stroop test
patients of SZ took twice as long as non-patients
to suppress impulses and name the
ink colour not the word
:check:
Allen et al
research showed a link
between auditory hallucinations and
errors in speech when shown a brain
scan of patients and non-patients
:check: If SZ did not have a cognitive cause
then antipsychotic treatments would work
better than CBT but there is evidence that
this is not the case