Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY - Coggle Diagram
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIAION
sutherland suggested the differential association theory as a way to explain criminal behaviour. He suggests that the elements of criminality is learned through association
what is learned - whether crime is desirable or undesirable, what is accepted crime in the community and in some cases even how to commit crimes or acts of crimes ( such as robbing corner shops over big banks) also attitudes and behaviours towards crimes is learned
Who is it learned from - close intimate groups such as peers, family or friends - it also can be learned from role models as they provide opportunities to model criminal behaviours could be also from a wider community
How is it learned - Sutehrland does not suggests the process that takes place in learning criminality but assuming it would be through direct reinforcement or punishment (operant conditioning) child displays criminal behaviour and will either be punished or reinforced which will increase or decrease the likelihood that hey will reoffend
A03 =
massive contribution to our understanding of criminal behaviours - Akers suggests that differential association theory has helped the shift from individual blaming to identifying the causes of behaviours from a bigger picture to SLT
ignores biological basis, diathesis stress model encouperates both environmental and biological basis including genetic venerability however this approach ignores all venerability to criminality in geneitcs
it doesnt account for all crimes, it can mainly be used to explain instinctive crimes that are pre planned and that are smaller crimes however this does accept for the majority of crimes committed
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
cognitive distortions - the way that reality becomes twisted so what is perceived no longer represents what actually true, they still believe them to be accurate though. in criminal behaviour, distortions allows criminal to rationalise their behaviour.
hostile attribution bias = attribution refers to what we think when we observe something so when an individual smiles at us we might think they like us however, a bias means an individual has a leaning towards always thinking the worst and these interpretations will lead to aggression and increased anger
minimalisation = is a cognitive distortion here consequences of behaviours are minimalised and under exaggerated, minimisation can explain how an offender may reduce negative interpretations of their behaviour before or after a crime is committted, means negative emotions can be reduced.
level of moral reasoning = Kohlberg - means thinking in a consistent and ideological way, about right and wrong- interviews boys and men about the reasons for their moral decision and conducted a stage theory development - there are various levels of moral reasoning and 2 stages within each level, people progress through these stages as they mature
linking to offending behaviour = in his longitudinal study Kohlberg found that 10% of adults reach conventional level so the most common level is the conventional level of moral reasoning, feel that breaking the law is justified because it helps maintain relationships or society (may break the law to protect relationship)- preconventional level is justified because the rewards outlay the costs
pre conventional model level=
stage 1 child accepts rules and authority - punishment and obedience rules enforced by punishmnent
stage 2 instrumental purposes what counts as right is defined by own needs
conventional level= continue to believe conforming to social norms is desirable, not out of own self iterest
TOP DOWN APPROACH
originates with the FBA in the US and is regarded as the most intuitive application of offenders behaviour
Douglas =
profiling inputs = daa is collected from crime scene
Decision making = starts decisions about data and organises into meaningful patterns, following is considered (murder type, time and location)
crime assessment = based on collected data construct and decided organised or disorganised
criminal profile = background, habits and beliefs
crime assessment = written report to investigative team
apprehension = if a suspect is apprehended the entire profiled is analysed and reviews at each stage to coalign
organised crime = planned, selected victim , pre-meditated, specific time and locatio, body moved hidden weapon
disorganised = unplanned, random victim, sexual acts, engage little with victim
A03 =
Cospon = questioned 184 police officers and found 82% found it useful but 90% said they would use it again
may not tell us who the criminal is but can provide possible contributes to the identification
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
Maternal deprivation = Bowlby suggested that a lack of maternal figure before the age of 2 and a half years would have psychological damaging effects such as effectionless psychopathy - inches study he interviewed 44 juvenile delinquents and found that 14/44 had effectionless psychopathy and 12 out of those had experienced maternal deprivation in the critical period
Super ego = Frued theory identified the ID to work according to the pleasure principle, and the superego is the moral compass causing guilt, when rules are broken- the superego is likely to be related to offending behaviour because its concerned with right or wrong
a child whose parent is absent = weaker or underdeveloped superego which means we act more impulsively to gratify ID
a child with strict parents may have an over developed superego so has excessive guilt or shame so relieves it by committing crime and being punished
a chid with a criminal parent will identify and adopt the same deviant superego under generating guilt
A03 =
only explanation that considers thoughts and feelings and how emption affects behaviour especially offending behaviour, also recognised the role of biological factors as well as the importance of early childhood experiences at developing behaviours
bowlby completed the study himself = bias
-frued theory has gender bias
BOTTOM UP APPROACH
canter, profiling should be based on psychological theories and he identified 3 main features:
1) interpersonal coherence - people are consistent with their behaviour and therefore there will be links with elements of crime, at the same time peoples behaviour changes over time and therefore looking to the differences in crime over 4 years
2) forensic awareness - certain behaviours in the crime may reveal an harness of a particular police technique such as no fingerprints
3)smallest space analysis - details about crime scene may correlate with behaviours about criminal
instrumental opportunities= murder for goal
instrumental cognitive= fear of detection so more planning
expressive instrumental= uncontrolled heat of emotions
geographical profiling - Canter suggests people also reveal themselves through where they commit the crime scenes
circle theory = linking locations of various crimes may be identifiable for their base
criminal geographical targeting = computerised system developed by rossono who created a formula that produces a 3 dimensional map displaying spatial areas related to time and movement of crime scnenes
A03 -
once criticism Is that it may not be as scientific as it makes out, they use statistical techniques which makes them seem more scientific that top down, however the techniques are only as good as the data thats put in, tells us little about unsokved cases
Gary surveied 48 Uk police officers who used investigative psychology and found 75% that said it was useful however 3% said it helped identify the criminal
lack of success on circle theory
EYESKENCKS THEORY OF CRIMINAL PERSONALITY
Theory of personality = characteristics of personality cluster in 3 dimensions
extraversion = bored easily, outgoing and positive
neuroticism = negative emotion over positie emotion
psychotics = egocentric, agressive and lacking empathy
biological basis - Eyeskeck suggests there are genetic components that influence our characteristics
extraversion = determined by overall level of arousal in a persons NS - underaroused requires more stimulation
neuroticism = determined by stability in SNS unstable and ractive
psychoticism = high testosterone levels more likely to be men
A03=
situational over consistent persoanality types
helps with crime prevention especially in socialisation
donlop= psychoticism and extroversion most useful in determining criminal behaviour