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Biology paper 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 2) They have a large surface area de to the roots , meaning that more water can move in and out.
        
        3) They contain large permanent vacuoles which speed up the movement of water from the soil to the cell.
        
        4) The mitochondria provides energy for respiration.
  - - - 3) They are made from lignin - which becomes hollow and joined from end o end so that water and mineral ions can move through,
  - - - 2) The phloem is alive and made of cellulose. It is an active process and energy is required for the companion cells and the cive plates.
        
        3) Glucose in the form of sucrose is transported.
  - - - 2) Water evaporates at the open stomata through the pores of the leaf and leaf surface.
        
        3) As water is attracted to each other , it begins to from a chain , pulling up more water molecules. This is known as a transpiration stream.
- - - - 2) Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body.
        
        Red blood cells have a Biconcave shape - which increases the surface area. That have no nucleus and they contain hemoglobin which binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
        
        3) White blood cells are apart of the immune system. They are needed d for the body's defense against pathogens.
        
        They have no nucleus and have number of cells tat produce antibodies , which engulf and digests pathogens and produces antitoxins to neutralize pathogens. .
        
        4) platelets allow for the bood to clot around a wound site. Like other eurithorcites , they also contain no nucleus. However , without them , it would result in the excessive bleeding and bruising.
  - - - They are made form layers of muscles in the wall making them string , contain elastic fibers when they streatch which helps the vessels withstand the high pressure created by the heart.
        
        2) Veins carry the blood towards the heart.
        
        Veins contain limen which is wide and allows the low blood pressure to flow through and contain valves which make sure the blood travels in the right direction.
        
        3) capillaries allow the blood to flow very close to the cell wall to enabel gas exchange.
        
        Capillaries are only one cell thick and enable contain permeable walls so the substances can go through.
  - - - 2) Deoxygninated blood enters the right atrium through the pulmonary vain , passes the tricuspid valve and then enters the right ventricle through the bicuspid valve.
        
        3) oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the bicuspid valve and then enters the left ventricle through the tricuspid valve,.
    - - 1) The heart's walls are composed of macular walls that provide for a strong heart beat.
        
        The wall of the left ventricle is thicker because blood needs to be pumped to the entire body.
        
        2) There are 4 chambers that separate oxygenated from deoxygenated blood with the valves making sure the blood does not experience back flow.
        
        3) Coronary arteries make sure that the heart has enough oxygen to function.
    - - 1) Deoxygenated Blood flows into the right atrium through the vena cava, and the right atrium , which caries oxygenated blood . through the pulmonary valve.
        
        2) Then , the arteries contract ; forcing the blood into the ventricles passes through the bicuspid and tricuspid valves.
        
        3) Then , the ventricles contract , pushing it into the pulmonary artery to be taken to the lungs and , and blood in the left ventricle to be taken to the rest of the body.
        
        4) As this happens , the valves close to prevent back flow.
        
        side note ~ the natural heart rate is at about 70 b/m and it is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium known as the pace makers. Sometimes , an artificial pace maker is used.
  - - - 4) Anaerobic.
        
        4.1) Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is not enough oxygen, It only gives a rapid burst of energy and is the last resort.
        
        4.2) glucose -> lactic acid (animals) whilst in plants , glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide.
      - 3) Aerobic
        
        3.1) Oxygen and glucose are taken in this reaction to give carbon dioxide and water vapor. The process is very slow and occurs every time.
        
        C6H12O6 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H20
  - - - 2) Add 5cm^3 of soda lime into the test tube.
        
        3) Place a gauze at the top and a small amount of the organism being tested,
        
        4) Attach a three way tap , capillary tube and syringe to the test tube and plug the test tube with a stopper.
        
        5) Insert a small amount of coloring liquid into the capillary tube,
        
        6) Let the air enter for 5 minutes and record how far the tube has moved against the scale.
- - - - 2) The endocrine system is a slow acting response that targets large areas whilst the nervous system is fast and only simulates cells.
        
        4) The pituitary gland is also known as the master gland. It secrets hormones into the blood to either have an effect on the body or act on glands that stimulates for the production of other glands.
        
        5) the pancreas secretes insulin to control blood sugar levels.
        
        6) They thyroid is secrecreated form the thyroxin gland and controls the metabolic rate , heartrate and temperature.
        
        7) The adrenal gland secretes adrenaline which is used in the the fight or flight response
        
        8) The overlies secrete osteogen and are involved in the menstral cycle.
        
        9 )The testes are secrete testosterone.
  - - - 2) Adrenaline increases the heartrate and blood pressure; this allows the oxygen to reach the muscles more quickly to escape danger.
        
        3) Adrenaline increases the blood flow to muscles as the blood vessels dilate to allow more blood to reach them. This allows for them to contract with greater strength and more quickly.
        
        3) Adrenaline also increases the break down of sugars into glucose for the muscles to contract.
  - - - 2) Low levels of thyroxine stimulate for the production of TRH form the hypothalamus.
        
        3) TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroxine.
        
        4) When thyroxine levels reach back tot he normal level, thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH , which stops TSH.
        
        5) This process is controlled by a negative feedback as when the levels increase , the receptors in the brain inhibit TSH which inhibit the release of thyroxine ; subsequently , levels fall.
  - - - 1) FSH is released from the Pituitary gland and causes the maturation of the eggs within the overlies , within a structure called a follicle. It ten stimulates the overlies to produce oestrogen.
        
        2) Oestrogen then causes the lining of the uterus to grow , thicken and rebuild. Oestrogen inhibits FSH and simulates the pituitary gland to release LH,
        
        3) A serge of LH on day 14 stimulates the oveis of ovulation. LH inhibits Oestrogen and stimulates the follicles to turn into the temporary endocrine structure of the a corpus luteum,
        
        4) Progesterone is released by the corpus luteum and is produced i te overies. It maintaisn the lining of the uterus and suppplies it with a ruch blood supply foull of glucose is implantation has taken place. It inhibits both LH and FSH. If inplantaition has not occured , the lining of the walls willl break down.
    - - 2) It begins with the break down of the lining of the uterus and the woman has her period.
        
        3) The layers build up again until the lining of the uterus is broken on the day of ovulation.
        
        4) If it is fertilized , the egg will implant in the philopena tube ; else , it will not implant and regency will not occur.
  - - - 1) The mixed pill contains oestrogen and progesterone. This means that levels of estrogen are constantly high which inhibit FSH.
        
        2) The lining also stops developing and the mucus in the cirvix becomes thicker so sperm can not move through.
        
        3) It can cause potential side effects that include mood swings , depression , brain pain and tenderness , increased size in breast and blood pressure.
      - 4) The oagesterine pill maintains the lining of the uterus and has less associated side effects.
    - - 1) They release continuous amounts of progesterone's to prevent the overues rekeasbg the egg. Additionally , they thicken the mucys so sperm do can not swim and often last for 3 years.
- - - - 1) Carbon dioxide is removed form the air through photosynthesis and used to make carbohydrates , proteins and fats. Additionally , Carbon dioxide can be found in oceans as it soluble in water.
        
        2) Next , the carbon dioxide is returned to the air when plants and animals respire.
        
        3) Living matter from plants and animals is broken up again by waste eaters known as detritivores - returning the mineral ions to the soil.
        
        4) The carbon dioxide is returned to the air when wood form fossil fuels is burnet in the process of combustion.
    - - 1) The suns energy causes water to evaporate from the sea and major bodes of water. The water vapor can also be a result of transpiration in plants.
        
        2) Eventually , the water will condense and rise to form clouds.
        
        3) Eventually , the water will return to the land in the form of precipitation and water runoff goes into the lakes to provide the water for plants and animals.
        
        4) the water runs back into the sea and the cycle continues again.
    - - 1) Nitrogen form the atmosphere is unreactive and can not be directly used by plants.
        
        2) The diatomic nitrogen atom can be converted into nitrates either through lighting or bacteria.
        
        3) Nitrogen fixing bacteria present in the nodules of the legumes of the plant convert nitrogen gas into nitrates.
        
        4) Nitrifying bacteria found in the soil converts ammonia into nitrate ions.
        
        5) Denitrifying bacteria found in the soil convert nitrates back into nitrogen.
        
        side note ~ Often , nitrogen in the form of ammonia nitrates are included to insure that plants have the required nitrates for growth.
  - - - 1) Divide the field into 100 pieces all 1*1m squares and measure the size of the field..
        
        2) Use a random number generator to randomly select a single squared.
        
        3) work out the size of the area.
        
        4)Count the number of things in the square and times it by the multiplication factor.
        
        5) Repeat with other squares and then find the average.
  - - - Parasitic.
        
        When an organism lives directly in another species and benefits at the expense of the host. This can involve using the biochemistry of the host or other resources as seen through tape worms.
      - Mutualism.
        
        A mutualistic relationship is when both parties benefit ; gaining sustenance and nutrition.