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Schizophrenia 1 - Coggle Diagram
Schizophrenia 1
Token economies
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Does not cure SZ but improves quality of life and makes it more likely patients can cope outside of hospital
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Undesirable behaviour is repeated because it is being reinforced:
- Remove reinforcers
- Punishment will also decrease
likelihood of repeated behaviour
Desired behaviour is displayed:
- Positive reinforcement is given e.g. token
Evaluation:
:check: Token economies work well and show long term effects as shown in McGonagle + Sultana
:red_cross: Can only work in a professional setting as in the real world there is no one to give tokens
:red_cross: Ethics
Biological treatments
Typical antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine
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Can be taken as tablets, injections or syrups
Dopamine antagonists = block dopamine
receptors in synapses, reducing levels of dopamine
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Serious side effects: Tardive dyskinesia, 60%
of people prescribed this drug develop it and 75%
of these cases are irreversible, involuntary
jerky movements of the mouth, face and tongue
Atypical antipsychotics
Clozapine
Developed in the 1960s and trialled in the 1970s but then withdrawn and reintroduced during the 1980s
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Binds to Dopamine receptors and also acts on
Serotonin and Glutamate receptors, improving
mood and reducing depression
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Risperidone
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Binds to Dopamine and Serotonin receptors reducing dopamine production but is stronger and so more effective in smaller doses
Can be taken as tablet, syrup or injections
Evaluation:
:check: Thornley et al study into Chlorpromazine and a placebo showed that the real antipsychotics had better overall functioning and reduced severity of SZ
:red_cross: Walker et al found that antipsychotics have serious side effects and SZ patients treated had high mortality rates
:check: Awad + Vorunganti found that SZ patients would rather take the risk of side effects than live with SZ symptoms
Psychological treatments
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Family therapy
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Goals of family therapy:
- Encourage family to discuss what it is like to live with
a SZ patient
- Allow everyones voice to be heard, to reduce tension
- Gives family the info to understand the illness
- Try to reduce stress levels which may cause the
patient to relapse
- Helps to understand that the family are not to blame
- Takes place over a number of weeks, as a group, in
the patients home
How it works (Pharaoh et al):
- Form therapeutic alliance with family members
- Reduce the stress of caring for a SZ relative
- Improve family awareness of relapse triggers
- Reduce anger and guilt
- Help family achive a carer-own life balance
- Improve beliefs about SZ
Evaluation:
:check: Family therapy is more accessible to most
patients and reduced hospital admissions
:red_cross: Family therapy improves the quality
of life but does not provide a cure and so must be
ran alongside something else