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Ch. 6 History and Trends in Community Colleges, Summary Explores the…
Ch. 6
History and Trends in Community Colleges
Factors Leading to The First Junior Colleges
Early Years of the Junior College Movement
William Folwell, president of the University of Minnesota, proposed
the Minnesota Plan
in 1870 that would provide two years of preparatory college in the Collegiate Department of a high school. Upon completion of this preparatory education, students could be admitted to the senior college and complete a university degree
William Rainey HarperIn 1892, he created a two-year junior college at the University of Chicago, separating the first two years of lower-division courses into what was called the Academic College (later termed a junior college), and the second two years of upper-division courses into senior colleges
By 1899, an associate's degree was created for those students graduating from the junior college.
some educational historians recognize Harper as the "father of junior colleges in America"
California high schools were beginning to offer advanced, college-level coursework. In 1907, the California legislature passed a bill "that authorized high schools to offer postgraduate education ... equivalent to the first two years of college, "creating California's first junior colleges.
By 1921, additional state legislation was passed to provide public funding for junior colleges using the same formula used for high schools, and to create independent junior college districts across the state. This legislation provided a model that other states would follow.
Factors Influencing Expansion of Community and Junior Colleges
Most of these colleges were extensions of high schools, operating in the evenings using the school's existing classrooms and equipment. These colleges were overseen by nearby universities resulting in courses that reflected university curriculum more than vocational curriculum typical of other junior colleges.
The Great Depression
In 1935 the National Youth Administration was formed to create jobs to keep students in school, rather than adding them to unemployment rolls. These jobs were the forerunner of college work-study programs.
World War II
The GL Bill
was designed to address this issue and "channel young people out of the work force and into higher education"
provided money to pay for veterans' tuition, fees, and books plus a monthly subsistence allowance.
When the US entered World War II, junior college enrollments declined as men and women joined the military
programming changed to meet the war effort
extension programs were offered at military installments and extension campuses were set up in other communities
accelerated programs, were offered so students eligible for the military draft could finish quickly before being called to military duty.
vocational programs grew and some programs operated around the clock to meet demand
Many of these flexibilities in programming are still evident in community colleges today.
The Truman Commission
resident Truman created a commission to examine higher education to address
expanding educational opportunities for all able young people
the adequacy of curricula
establishing a series of intermediate technical institutes
the financial structure of higher education with rapid expansion of physical facilities.
In its report
suggested that the two-year colleges would be relied upon heavily to expand higher education
recommended the term "community colleges," be used to describe these two-year colleges that served "local community education needs"
provide guidelines for the role and organization of community colleges
Rapid Growth of Community and Junior Colleges, 1950 to 1980
During the 1960s, the demand for higher education by baby boomers and veterans was so great that the number of junior and community colleges increased at a rate equivalent to one new college a week throughout the decade, with enrollments nearly quadrupling
New technology like Sputnik needed more technical trainings
American Association of Community Colleges: History and Early Leaders
Community Colleges since 1980
The growth of new community colleges peaked in the 1970s
Since the 1980s, enrollments continued to rise during economic recessions, followed by declines as the economy stabilized.
The Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act of 1990 and its 1998 reauthorization also created a funding stream for programs that articulated secondary and post secondary vocational programs, which brought high school students into the community college programs.
Challenges Facing Community Colleges
Funding
the Great Recession of 2007 impacted state and federal funding for education as well as enrollments.
Despite these increases, state funding for community colleges is still below prerecession levels
Tight state budgets and calls for accountability in higher education suggest that performance-based funding will continue into the future.
Student Enrollment Trends
Leadership
In February 1921, the first regular meeting of the American Association of Junior Colleges (AAJC)
accreditation of junior colleges be left to others then a the AAJC responsibility
AAJC set guidelines for junior college admissions and graduation
As the junior college movement evolved and grew, the AAJC grew and changed with it.
Summary
Explores the history of community and technical colleges
• The Morrill Act of 1862 opened up access to higher education for the general population and set the stage for the beginnings of the junior college movement.
• A key factor that led to the first junior colleges was the desire of university presidents to separate the first two years of lower-division college course-work from the last two years of upper-division coursework that focused on research and development of professionals.
• The first junior college opened in Joliet, Illinois, in 1901 and was an affiliate of the University of Chicago. Other models of junior colleges developed and varied from state to state, often operating as a department of the local high school governed by the superintendent and local school board.
• The 644 model of junior colleges that existed from the late 1920s to the mid-1940s combined the four years of junior high (grades 7-10) and the last