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Science Term 4 Valerie 9C - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Two different bodies or sexes combine to produce a new infant or offspring.
    - - Increase disease resistance
      - Improves health
      - Variation in the offspring
    - - Waste of time and energy
      - Can be sped up by humans using selective breeding
      - Increases uncertainty
    - - Animals
      - Humans
  - - - Time and energy efficient
      - Faster than sexual reproduction
      - Various environments
      - Mature rapidly
    - - Any negative mutation passes
      - Short lifespans
      - No variation
      - Difficult to control the population
    - - The production of new individuals from a single parent.
        
        Single cell organisms
        
        No formation of gametes or fertilization takes place.
        
        Offsprings are the exact copy of the parent.
    - - Binary fission
        
        Parent cell divides into two equal parts each containing a nucleus and are genetically and physically similar to the parent cell.
        
        Can be found in amoeba, bacteria, euglena, etc.
      - Budding
        
        Develops from an outgrowth from the parent body known as a bud.
        
        Can be found in hydra
- - - - Larger muscle size from exercise
      - Calluses on fingers
      - What animals to hide from, where to hide
  - - - Hair
      - Skin color
      - Body type
      - Height
- - - - Molecular blueprint for a living thing.
      - DNA tells amino acids how to form the perfect protein shapes.
      - DNA is usually in the Nucleus.
      - DNA interacts with the cytoplasm and convert amino acids into protein.
  - - - Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA
      - Located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body
      - 46 chromosomes in total
      - An entire chain of DNA along with a group of
        stabilizing proteins.
  - - - A special stretch of DNA. A sequence of A’s, C’s,T’s and G’s that codes for something.
      - Information for a cell to read and use.
      - Make proteins, these proteins work with
      - Different chemicals in the body to make things
      - Examples like freckles, eye pigments, hormones, etc. Genes
      - Genes have different lengths.
      - Length and sequence determine the shape and size of the protein it builds.
  - - - Alleles are alternate forms of genes.
      - For example, gene that controls eye color may have blue allele and a green allele.
- - - - Medical biotechnology is the use of living cells and other cell materials to better the health of humans.
      - Used for finding cures and getting rid of diseases.
      - involves the study of DNA to get to know how to manipulate the genetic makeup of cells.
      - Example
        
        Production of insulin.
        
        Vaccines
        
        Antibiotics
    - - Developing genetically modified plants to increase crop yields or introduce characteristics to those plants.
      - Provide them with an advantage growing in regions that place some kind of stress factor on the plant, namely weather, and pests.
      - Example
        
        Pest resistance crops
        
        Plant and animal breeding
    - - Application of biotechnology for industrial purposes that also include industrial fermentation.
      - It includes the practice of using cells such as microorganisms, or components of cells like enzymes, to generate products in sectors that are industrially useful, such as food and feed, chemicals, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles, biofuels, and biogas.
      - Example
        
        Biocatalysts
        
        Fermentation
        
        Microorganisms
    - - Used in waste treatment and pollution prevention that can more efficiently clean up many wastes.
      - Introduce nutrients to stimulate the activity of bacteria that already exists in the soil at a waste site or add new bacteria to the soil.
      - Example
        
        Bioremeditation
        
        Developing enzyme bioreactors that will not only pretreat some industrial and food waste components but also allow their efficient removal via sewage system without using solid waste disposal mechanisms.
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