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Professional Issues in Information System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Act Utilitarianism
      - Rule Utilitarianism
  - - - Ethical Decision Making
      - High Standard of Practice and Ethical Behavior
      - Trust and Respect from the General Public
      - Evaluation Benchmark
- - - - According to
        MacDonnell, moral theories “seek to introduce a degree of rationality and rigor into our moral
        deliberations”
    - - Every human action results from a decision process. Because every human action follows
        a subscript, the decision-making process follows a subscript as well.
    - - Moral codes as rules or norms within a
        group for what is proper behavior for the members of that group.
    - - A moral standard is a moral norm, a standard to which we compare human actions to
        determine their goodness or badness.
    - - Religion, unlike morality, draws a lot from the divine. Most religious belief systems include
        or are built around the idea of divine will and divine judgment.
  - - - Natural law is an unwritten but universal law
    - - Conventional law is a system created by and for human beings usually in public
        deliberations like a council of elders or representatives in national legislatures.
    - - The ignorant need instruction and control by the wise.
      - Earthly penalties are required for the safety of society.
      - Concerted action demands teamwork and leadership.
      - Society must meet changed conditions harmoniously.
  - - - Retributive
      - Corrective
      - Deterrent
- - - - Anonymous servers
        
        Full anonymity servers
        
        Pseudonymous servers,
      - Anonymous users
  - - - A facility is physically secure if it is surrounded by a barrier such as a fence, has secure
        areas both inside and outside the facility, and can resist penetration by intruders
      - Deterrence to try to defend systems against intruders who may try to gain access
      - Prevention used in mechanisms that work by trying to stop intruders from gaining
        access.
      - Response is an after effect mechanism that tries to respond to the failure of the first
        three mechanisms.
    - - Physical access control, we create both physical barriers and electronic protocols that will
        authenticate the user of the resource whose security we are safeguarding.
    - - The physical barrier can be anything that will hinder access to a protected resource
        including fences, brick walls, mounted motion detection sensors, security lighting, closed-circuit
        television (CCTV), buried seismic sensors, or different photoelectric and microwave systems.
    - - From the
        physical barriers to more invasive electronic controls that include card access control systems
        and firewalls, and the third and probably the most important area, the inside, may be secured
        using electronic barriers such as firewalls and passwords.
    - - A password is a string of usually six or more to verify a user to an information system
        facility, usually digital system.
      - Cardinal Rules
        
        Never publicize a password.
        
        Never write a password down anywhere.
        
        Never choose a password that is easy to guess.
        
        Never keep the same password for an extended period of time.
    - - A firewall is hardware or software used to isolate the sensitive portions of an
        information system facility from the outside world and limit the potential damage that can be
        done by a malicious intruder.
      - Three models of Firewalls:
        
        1.Packet filters: These are packet-level filters
        
        Proxy servers
        
        Stateful inspection
    - - Information security includes the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information
        at the servers, including information in files and databases and in transition between servers
        and between clients and servers.
      - Encryption
        
        Symmetric encryption
        
        Asymmetric encryption
    - - Authentication is a process, whereby the system gathers and builds up information
        about the user to assure that the user is genuine
      - Physical Authentication Methods;
        Username (sometimes screen name).
        
        Password
        
        Biometrics like retinal images
        
        Fingerprints
        
        Physical Location
        
        Identity Cards
  - - - Personal Privacy
      - Informational Privacy.
        
        Personal information
        
        Financial information
        
        Medical Information
        
        Internet
      - Institutional Privacy.
      - Value of Privacy
        
        Personal Identity
        
        Autonomy
    - - Intrusion
      - Misuse of Information
      - Interception of Information
      - Information Matching
- - - - n invention or discovery is patentable if it meets two basic requirements. The first
        requirement is that the invention or discovery for which the patent is sought is new and useful
        or is a new and useful improvement of any of the following: process, manufacture
    - - The process of obtaining a patent begins with the filing of an
        application with the patent office.
    - - The protection must last for a number of years. During this time period, the patent
        law protects the inventor or discoverer from competition from others in the manufacture, use,
        and sale of the invention or discovery
    - - The patent law does not protect ideas, but only the process of carrying out an idea.
  - - - Trade secrets have an indefinite life of protection as long as the secrets are not
        revealed.
  - - - Whether we grew up in a culture that rewards individual achievements or in those
        cultures that pride themselves on community achievements, we are aware of the distinct
        psychology about individual ownership.
- - - - Insider Threat
      - ,Hackers.
      - Criminal Groups.
      - Hacktivism.
- - - - • Depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes
        in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy.
      - • Decreased academic achievement—GPA and standardized test scores—and school
        participation. They are more likely to miss, skip, or drop out of school.
      - •Health Complains
    - - • Abuse alcohol and other drugs in adolescence and as adults
      - Get into fights, vandalize property, and drop out of school
      - Engage early sexual activity
      - Have criminal convictions and traffic citations as adults
      - • Be abusive toward their romantic partners, spouses, or children as adults.
    - - Have increased use of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs
      - Have increased mental health problems, including depression and anxiety
        • Miss or skip school.
        Indeed, as we pointed out earlier, what cuts across are psychological, emotional,
      - Miss or skip school
- - - - ethics is a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior. Ethical behavior
        conforms to generally accepted social norms—many of which are almost universally accepted.
    - - Often the decision on what course of action to take in a given situation is further complicated
        because it involves significant value conflicts among the various stakeholders as to what is the
        fairest option to pursue
    - - Laws do not provide a complete guide to ethical behavior. Just because an activity is defined as
        legal does not mean that it is ethical.