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Causes and Effects of Disease in Agricultural Production - Coggle Diagram
Causes and Effects of Disease in Agricultural Production
Infectious Disease in Australian Agriculture - Animals
endemic diseases
diseases consistently present in country or region
bovine Johne's disease
Exotic diseases
Introduced diseases
avian influenza
bovine tuberculosis
Factors Effecting Development of Infectious Disease
Pathogen
availability
adhesion and ivasion of host tissues
ability to transfer between hosts
Environmental
overcrowding
reservoir capabilities
lack of hygiene causing a buildup of wastes
Host
susceptibility to disease
drought and heatwave stress on host
Case Study - Footrot in Sheep
infectious disease of the hooves of sheep, goat and cattle
caused by Bacterium:
Dichelobacter nodosus
Symptoms
lameness and weight loss
abscesses
Outbreak factors
bacteria must be present for disease to occur
only survives outside of host for 4 days
warmer weather heaps for growth of bacterium
dry feet with intact tissues
not effected
dermatitis in toes must be present already
Factors contributing to risk of infectious disease
changing patterns of land use
may change distribution of insects
climate change
abundance of insect vectors may change
rise of intensive and industrial type agriculture
closer housing of animals
Antimicrobial resistance
pathogens may become immune to the medicine that treats them
increased mobility of human populations
Pesticide Resistance
overuse leads to resistance in bacteria
Loss of genetic diversity
over-breeding can lead to reduced resilience
Increase in 'hobby farmers'
increased use of aquaculture
Plant Diseases in Agricultural
Causes of disease
Insects and Mites
young plants are at most risk
cause direct damage to plant tissue
act as a vector for other pathogens
Bacteria
only multiply when certain conditions are met
conditions include warm weather and overcrowding of plants
can occur in soil, weeds and seeds
Fungi
most common for plant disease
enters body through stomata or any opening caused by damage to the plant
reservoirs are contained in soil or nearby weeds
Viruses
can persist in plant material left over after cropping
form reservoir on contaminated equipment
Nematodes
can be dealt with by repeated cultivation of soil
attacks plant roots
only few act as pathogens
phytoplasmas
transmitted by insect vectors
reported in plants like tomatoes, strawberries and grapes
do not have a cell wall
Effects of Disease
Abnormal growth
disease may interfere with production, distribution and action of hormones
Discolouration
Wilting
Death
plants lose ability to balance water uptake with water loss
Case Study: Panama Disease of Bananas
the conducting tissues get damaged so plant is starved of food and water
farming operations had to cease and affected prperty was sold to Australian Banana Growers Council
causes yellowing and wilting of leaves and splitting of stems
the disease spreads through root-to-root contact
caused by highly contagious fungi
fusarium oxysporum
the fungus permanently damaged the soil and remains a biosecurity risk