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Skin diseases in the tropics - Coggle Diagram
Skin diseases in the tropics
Dengue
pathogen
Flavivirus
dengue viruses (DENV)
DENV-1
DENV-2
DENV-3
DENV-4
clinic manifestations
Febrile phase
Headache
Eye pain
Joint pain
rash
macular or maculopapular
over the
face
thorax
abdomen
extremities
may be associated with pruritus
gastrointestinal symptoms
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
abdominal
diarrhea
respiratory tract symptoms
cough
sore throat
nasal congestion
Hemorrhagic manifestations
tourniquet test
positive
conjunctival injection
pharyngeal erythema
lymphadenopathy
hepatomegaly
Critical phase
systemic vascular leak syndrome
plasma leakage
bleeding
shock
organ impairment
Convalescent phase
plasma leakage and hemorrhage resolve
plasma leakage and hemorrhage resolve
accumulated fluids are resorbed
rash
confluent, erythematous eruption with small islands of unaffected skin that is often pruritic
vector
mosquitoes
Aedes albopictus
Aedes aegypti
Yellow Fever
vector
Mosquitoes
Aedes aegypti
Haemagogus spp
pathogen
RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus
clinic manifestations
Period of infection
Symptoms and signs are relatively nonspecific
generalized malaise
headache
photophobia
lumbosacral pain
pain in the lower extremities
myalgia
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
restlessness
irritability
dizziness
febrile
physical examination
flushed skin
reddening of the conjunctivae and gums
epigastric tenderness
liver
enlargement
tenderness
tongue
characteristically red at the tip and sides
coating in the center
Faget's sign
The pulse rate is slow relative to the height of the fever
Laboratory
leukopenia and neutropenia
Period of remission
abatement of fever and symptoms
Period of intoxication
15 percent of individuals infected
third to sixth day after the onset of infection
return of
nausea
fever
vomiting
prostration
jaundice
oliguria
hemorrhagic diathesis
variable dysfunction
Hepatic
Renal
oliguria
azotemia
high levels of protein in the urine
cardiovascular system
Hemorrhage
coffee-grounds hematemesis
melena
hematuria
metrorrhagia
petechiae
epistaxis
oozing of blood from the gums
bleeding from needle puncture sites
Myocardial injury
Central nervous system
delirium
agitation
convulsions
stupor
coma
Pancreatitis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
pathogen
protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania
Old World
L.L. major
L.L. tropica
L.L. aethiopica
L.L. infantum
L.L. donovani
New World
L.L. mexicana
L.L. venezuelensis
L.L. amazonensis
L.L. infantum
L.V. braziliensis
L.V. peruviana
L.V. panamensis
L.V. guyanensis
vector
sand fly
clinic manifestations
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis
begins as a pink-colored papule that enlarges and develops into a nodule or plaque-like lesion, leading to a painless ulceration with an indurated border
Old World
ulcer is often covered with a hyperkeratotic eschar
New World
ulcer may be covered with thick white-yellow fibrinous materia
Spread of lesions along the draining lymphatics
may or may not ulcerate
Regional adenopathy
Sand fly bite reactions are generally pruritic but usually do not enlarge
Secondary bacterial infection of the ulcer may occur
purulent drainage
local cellulitis
clinical features between species
Old World
L.L. major
short incubation period
common multiple lesions
ulcers may expand in one to two months to ≥6 cm in diameter
covered with a thick crust
Epithelialization
occurs within six months
nodular, plaque-like lesions
L.L. tropica
chronic infection
evolves over months to years
skin lesions
few in number
sometimes relatively small
1 to 2 cm
Facial lesions
larger
predilection for
2 more items...
dry and appear crusted.
L.L. aethiopica
solitary facial lesion
with or without surrounding satellite papules
coalesce into spreading nodules or plaques
spread along mucocutaneous margin
long chronicity
New World
L.L. infantum-chagasi
small number of slow-growing nodular lesions
persist for years
not imply coexistent visceral disease
L.L. mexicana
skin ulcers
small
chronic
one or few in number
Chiclero's ulcer
Lesions on the ear
spontaneously heal relatively quickly
L.V. braziliensis
large lesions
sporotrichoid pattern of multiple ulcers
lymphocutaneous involvement
nodular lymphangitis
Lymphadenopathy
fever
malaise