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Covenant = a promise between two people/entities that creates a binding…
Covenant = a promise between two people/entities that creates a binding relationship; God established covenants with humans and humans establish covenants with each other.
Abram/Abraham = the first Patriarch of the Jewish people; the first person to teach that there was only one God, who made a covenant with him to turn his family into a great nation.
Sarah = Abraham's wife, who was barren until age 90; gave birth to her son Isaac after Abraham made a covenant with God.
Isaac = Abraham's second and most beloved son; Abraham almost sacrificed him to prove his faith in God, but God instead blessed them both and told Abraham to never sacrifice a human.
Jacob = a descendant of Abraham's who famously wrestled with God and was eventually granted a good life, supposedly because of this event; Judaism emphasizes that wrestling with the scriptures and history through conversation leads to stronger faith.
Hagar = Sarah's maid and Abraham's concubine who gave birth to Abraham's first son Ishmael while Sarah was still barren; God saved her and Ishmael and sent them to Arabia after they were sent away by Abraham and Sarah.
Ishmael = Abraham's first son, who was sent away with his mother Hagar by his father Abraham; went on to create the Arab nations and was an ancestor of the Islam prophet Muhammad.
Documented in...
Tanakh = the major collection of sacred text for Judaism; "the Jewish Bible."
Torah = translates to "law" or "teaching"; refers specifically to the first five books of the Tanakh (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy), but often used in everyday language to refer to the entire Tanakh.
Ten Commandments = a collection of ten laws given to Moses by God, which Moses brought to the Israelites; these laws are arguably the most important of all God's commandments written in the Torah.
613 Commandments = a collection of laws, all found in the Torah, which tell Jews how to act in nearly every part of their lives; consists of both negative (refraining) and positive (performing) commandments; also called mitzvah (singular: mitzvot).
Nevi'im = translates to "prophets"; twenty-one books describing the works of the prophets tasked with helping Israelites to return to their God.
Messiah = was once believed (by earlier prophets) to be a worldly king bringing social harmony, but later was believed (by later prophets) to be a Divine king or judge bringing eternal rewards/punishment to everyone.
Early Prophetic Tradition = ideas of the early prophets, like Joshua and Isaiah (early in life), before the Temple Destruction; henotheistic; believed Judaism's goal was achieving social harmony, which would be brought about by a worldly human king.
Apocalyptic Prophetic Tradition = ideas of the later prophets, like Daniel and Isaiah (later in life), after the Temple Destruction; monotheistic; believed Judaism's goal was eternal life, which would be brought about by a Divine Messiah.
Maimonides' 13 Principles = principles written by Moses Maimonides, arguably the greatest Jewish philosopher of the Middle Ages; a list of fundamental tenets that all Jews must believe to be true.
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Ketuvim = translates to "other writings"; thirteen books containing a variety of texts, including poems, scrolls, prophecies, and history.
Job = a man in the Ketuvim who was righteous, but was tested by God at the insistence of Satan to see if suffering would cause Job to stop following God so intently; Job's loyalty to God did not waver, even after times of questioning and despair, making him a role model for faithful Jews.
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Fundamentally guiding Judaism, even as it changes, in part due to...
Temple Destruction = the temple built by Solomon, son of David, was destroyed by the Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian Empire around 587 BCE; during the compilation of the Bible, the Jewish people decided that their own God was responsible for this destruction and became decidedly monotheistic at this time.
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Garden of Eden = a paradisal garden made by God on Earth; where Adam and Eve lived and were tasked to work until they ate from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.
Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil = a tree in the Garden of Eden from which God instructed Adam and Eve to not meet, lest they would die; believed to give humans divine wisdom, but caused Adam and Eve to be banished from Eden by God when they ate of it.
Expulsion = beginning with God's expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden after they ate the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil; like all exile, when God's people are separated from Him, it continues to be a central problem in Judaism.
Noah = a man in the Torah who saved two of each animal in an ark when God flooded the Earth; God made a covenant with him that he would never flood the entire Earth again, giving Noah rainbows as a reminder of the covenant.
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Adam = the first male created by God; made in the Garden of Eden on the Sixth Day of the creation narrative in Genesis.
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Eve = the first female made by God; in Genesis 1, described as being made at the same as the first male; in Genesis 2, described as being made from Adam's rib.
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Serpent = creature in Genesis who tempts Eve (who tempts Adam) to eat of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil by saying that eating the fruit will not make them die but will make them more like God by giving them knowledge of good and bad.
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