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Communication, Oral Communication Basic Principals, Drawback Disadvantages…

- - - - The real environment in which communication takes place, e.g. a classroom, lecture hall, office, a public place.
    - - For example, the status/relationship among the senders and receivers, the roles and communication games that people play, cultural rules and the friendliness/unfriendliness or formality/informality of the situation.
    - - The time context in which communication takes place like the time of day or night, as well as historical time, e.g. 20th or 21st century.
    - - The values, behaviour and beliefs of the society.
  - - - There is a source (speaker) and a receiver (listener).
  - - - May be verbal or non-verbal.
  - - - This refers to the medium through which the communication passes ă vocal (speech), visual (gestures, words, pictures), olfactory (smells), and tactile (touch).
  - - - Anything that interferes with you receiving a message.
  - - - Communication affects people in many ways - intellectual effects (changes in thinking), affective effects (changes in attitudes) and psychomotor effects (changes in behaviour).
- - - - (d) Meanings - Any act of communication involves two essential aspects - the literal message and the relationship between those who communicate with each other.
      - (c) Symbols - These are what people use to represent things e.g. all language, non-verbal behaviours, art, and music.
      - (b) Systemic - It happens within a system of interconnected parts that affect each other.
      - (a) Process - it is ongoing, continuous and always changing.
- - - - (i) Receiving
      - (ii) Understanding
      - (iii) Remembering
      - (iv) Evaluating
      - (v) Responding
    - - Passive Listening
        
        a low level of concentration and absorb the minimum number of words.
        
        do not pay full attention
      - Active Listening
        
        involves a higher level of concentration.
        
        Improve by
        
        (i) Paraphrasing the speaker’s message and ideas, using simpler words without changing the meaning.
        
        (ii) Identifying your weaknesses, e.g. are you hearing-impaired, mentally unprepared, or easily distracted?
        
        (iii) Preparing yourself mentally and physically to listen, using various listening strategies, e.g. the Memory Helper
        
        (iv) Setting priorities, e.g. what are the important things you want to listen to?
  - - - (i) Regulative Rules
        
        unwritten rules ie turn taking when conversing
        
        define when, where, and with whom you can communicate in a particular way. For example, traditionally, in Asian homes, the elders speak first
      - (ii) Constitutive Rules
        
        These rules “define what communication means by showing us the meaning behind certain kinds of symbols used in communication.”
        For example, head bowing in Asia is a symbol of respect, kissing and hugging denotes love and affection
    - - Punctuation in communication affects meaning. The full stop, for instance, marks the end of one sentence or idea and the beginning of another. Similarly, punctuation can signal the beginning or the end of a particular interaction.
    - - (i) Volume
      - (ii) Pitch
      - (iii) Intonation
        
        the rhythm, or the rise and fall of voice.
      - (iv) Tone
      - (vi) Enunciation
        
        the clarity or distinctiveness with which you articulate each part of a word.
      - (v) Tempo
      - (vii) Pronunciation
- - - - This technique involves saying things in such a way that you put the interests of your receiver first.
- - - - is external and outside the control
      - affects the physical transmission of the message. Examples are noise disturbances like loud music, the sound of traffic from a busy road, static coming from a faulty loudspeaker system, or loud drilling from a nearby construction site.
    - - hearing-impaired, have speech articulation problems, or suffer from short-term memory loss. cannot pronounce certain words
    - - stems from the mental makeup of the receiver or sender, and includes biases, prejudices, narrow-mindedness, and extreme emotional behaviour.
    - - include language, dialectal and cultural differences.