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Sponge - Coggle Diagram
Sponge
Sponge ecology
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Also form habitats for a variety of worms, fishes, shrimp, and symbiotic green algae.
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Sponges produce chemicals that appear to discourage predators and prevent infection. Studies have shown that sponge chemicals might have antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, or antitumor possibilities
Sponges
Sponges have no tissues, no organs, and most lack symmetry.
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Sponges are in phylum Porifera (po RIF uh ruh), which contains between 5000 and 10,000 members.
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Body structure
Sponge embryos do not develop endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm and, therefore, sponges do not develop tissues.
Two layers of independent cells with a jellylike substance between the layers accomplish all of the life functions of sponges.
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Cells
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As collar-cell flagella whip back and forth, water is drawn into the body of the sponge through pores.
These pores give sponges their phylum name Porifera, which means “pore-bearer.”
Water and waste materials are expelled from the sponge through the osculum (AHS kyuh lum), which is the mouthlike opening at the top of the sponge.
Sponge diversity
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Demospongiae: have spicules composed of spongin fiber, silica, or both
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Feeding and digestion
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Sponges have free-swimming larvae, but are sessile (SES sul), or attached to stay in one place, as adults.
Food particles cling to the cells, and digestion of nutrients takes place within individual cells.
Support
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Archaeocytes are amoeba-like cells that can secrete spicules (SPIH kyuhls), the support structures of sponges
Also involved in digestion, egg and sperm production, and excretion.
Response to stimuli
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Have epithelial-like cells that detect external stimuli, such as touch or chemical signals
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Reproduction
asexually
Fragmentation: a piece of sponge that is broken off due to a storm or other event develops into a new adult sponge.
Buddying: a small growth, called a bud, forms on a sponge, drops off, and settles in a spot where it grows into a new sponge.
Gemmules: Some freshwater sponges form seedlike particles called gemmules during adverse conditions like droughts or freezing temperatures. Gemmules contain sponge cells protected by spicules that will survive and grow again when favourable conditions occur.
Sexually
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Some sponges have separate sexes, but most sponges are hermaphrodites.
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After fertilization, the zygote develops into a free-swimming larva.
The larva eventually attaches to a surface, then develops into an adult.
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