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World Theories, Inequality, Key Concepts + Examples - Coggle Diagram
World Theories
Dependency Theory
General Beliefs
- Developed from Marxist Ideas
- Metropolis countries exploit satellite countries
- Andre Gunder Frank
- Maximise profits from previously colonised countries
- Exploitation less obvious
- Products exported and sold for more
- Exporting creates competition (Economic Protectionism)
- Viewpoint that the process of colonialism encouraged values which allows the developed countries to exploit the developing countries
TNCS
- Developing countries sell land to TNCs, hope to get more local jobs and profit but this only short term
- Aim to maximise profit and have bad working conditions
Bangladesh Sweatshop in 2013 killed 1,000 people
- Big pharma - Made unaffordable
- Lots of environmental impact
Aid
-Beneficial to short time crisis
-Long term benefits western world e.g access to market, access to land, ports etc.
-TNCs gain from Aid programmes
- Theresa Hayter ‘smooth face of imperialism’
Debt
- Debt result of how colonialism ended
- Falling prices of cash crops
- Rising prices of oil Rising interest rates
- Inappropriate sending in LDC’s - By the West
- Corrupt elites pilfering money Failure of free market policies Banks are inflexible and exploitative
Susan George 6 impacts:
- Environment
- Unemployment
- Drugs
- Immigration
- Taxes
- Conflict
Gender Inequality
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The Exploitation Thesis
- Gender inequality as it serves the needs of the global capitalist economy for TNC's
- 85% of trade free zones (factories) were women
Modernisation
- The stage of mass consumption encourages equality rather than colonialism as it is brought about by meritocracy and stems from functionalist viewpoints, this is because there is less focus on trying to get the essentials such as food and water, people are now able to start buying ‘luxury’ items by mass consumption, therefore theoretically everyone has the same starting point and opportunities to work hard and achieve.
TNCs
Disagree with dependency view of TNCs, they believe that the developing countries are simply taking the same route as the Western World has taken in order to reach mass consumption - by following Rostow's 5 stages - it is necessary for them to go through this to develop further.
- Concentrated workforce
- Achieved not ascribed status
- Become more like Western world
- Development of e.g education
Urbanisation
- Assists change in values
- New skills develop e.g Literacy
- Hoselitz, conc workforce
Gender Inequality
The Integration Thesis
- Move away from traditional culture
- Less patriarchal
- Women more involved
- Focus on women in education
- Improve infant mortality
- Economic productivity
- Health improves
- HIV less
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- Internal Barriers to development
- Need to go through Rostow's 5 stages
Malthusian theory
- The rate of population will increase faster than food supply, will not have sufficient supplies for everyone
- Population growth will cause disease, famine, wars over food and land (Malthusian Checks) these will bring populations down to stable levels
- Developing Countries - Main cause of poverty is overpopulation, economic stagnation, environmental damage
Neo Liberal
- Free trade is the best, economic protectionism hinders businesses, free trade improves standards,
- Done by treating local and international businesses the same
- Trade liberalisation
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Inequality
Urbansation
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Largest slum in world:
Orangi Town In Karachi (Pakistan) 2,400,000
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Population
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Largest slum in world:
Orangi Town In Karachi (Pakistan) 2,400,000
Feminist Explanations
Amartya Sen - Development of freedom
- Lack of facilities (basic education)
- Special opportunities (Higher E)
- Professional/Labour Market
- Ownership of property (engaging in business)
- Household/Decision making/Domestic Labour
- Mortality - India and Pakistan , 1 to 5 infants 50% more likely to die than boys
- Natality (Sex selection abortions)
- Missing women - Pakistan 111m for 100f , 2 million girls worldwide
Gender inequality index
- Labour market
- Empowerment
- Reproductive health
Gender
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- 85% of trade free zones (factories) were women
Health
- Lowest Life expectancy in Central Africa (Zambia)
- Highest life expectancy in Japan
- Heart disease + cancers (luxury)
- AIDS/HIV + Communicable disease
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Aid/Debt/Policy
Causes of debt in developing countries:
- High levels of interest
- Prices of cash crops decreased
- Oil crisis in 1970s increases rate
- (2004) Zambia, more money into debt service just to the IMF than entire education budget
- Independent post colonial countries have burden of debt put onto them
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