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DERMATOMUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, INNOVATIONS, Andi Nadine Saphira Aliyya…

- - - - The hard largely calcareous connective tissue of which the adult skeleton is chiefly composed
        
        Long bone
        
        Articular cartilages
        
        Cancellous bone
        
        Epiphyseal plate
        
        Medullary cavity
        
        Periousteum
        
        Compact bone
        
        Femur (thighbone), Tibia (Shinbone)
        
        Short bone
        
        Flat bone
        
        Irregular bone
        
        Sesamoid bone
        
        Patella (kneecap)
      - EMBRYOLOGY
        
        Intramembranous ossification
        
        Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and group into ossification centers
        
        Osteoblasts become entrapped by the osteoid they secrete, transforming them to osteocytes
        
        Trabecular bone and periosteum form
        
        Cortical bone forms superficially to the trabecular bone
        
        Blood vessels form the red marrow
        
        Endochondral Ossification
        
        Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and form the cartilage model for bone
        
        Chondrocytes near the center of the cartilage model undergo hypertrophy and alter the contents of the matrix they secrete, enabling mineralization
        
        Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis due to decreased nutrient availability; blood vessels invade and bring osteogenic cells
        
        Primary ossification center forms in the diaphyseal region of the periosteum called the periosteal collar
        
        Secondary ossification centers develop in the epiphyseal region after birth
    - - A tough fibrous band of tissue connecting the articular extremities of bones
        
        One of the pathology
        
        ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL) INJURY
        
        ACL injury may be described as over-stretching, partial, or complete tear of the ACL
        
        EPIDEMIOLOGY
        
        Most common knee ligaments injury
        
        The incidence of ACL ruptures is estimated to range from 30 to 78 per 100,000 person-years
        
        Women have higher risks up to eightfold
        
        ETIOLOGY
        
        Direct Contact: external force such as direct collision of the knee to objects
        
        Indirect Contact: external force applied to other part of the body, results in ACL injury
        
        Noncontact: no external force, resultant of biomechanical and neuromuscular events during dynamic movements
        
        RISK FACTORS
        
        Intrinsic
        
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        Extrinsic
        
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        PREVENTION
        
        Stretching and warming up
        
        Avoid faulty patterns of movements > pivoting, sudden changes of speed and direction
        
        Use proper and well-fitted footwear and sports gear
        
        Training to increase muscle strength and balance, and emphasize right techniques
        
        SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
        
        A sound of pop or popping sensation in the knee
        
        Severe pain and inability to continue activity
        
        Rapid swelling
        
        Loss of range of motion
        
        A feeling of instability
        
        MANAGEMENT
        
        First aid care
        
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        Rehabilitation
        
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        Surgery
        
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        PHARMACOLOGY
        
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        Cruciate Ligaments
        
        Collateral Ligaments
    - - A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
    - - A point where two bones of the skeleton come together
        
        Knee Joints - the largest joint
        
        PHYSIOLOGY OF THE KNEE
        
        Osteokinematic and range of motion
    - - A tough, flexible tissue that lines joints
        
        Meniscus
- - - - Demonstration of the preventive steps (stretching and warming up)
        
        Demonstration of ACL injury prevention training program
        
        Demonstration of first aid care 'R.I.C.E'
        
        Giving out free knee support to the sport enthusiasts