demographics pt2
immigration
trends
1900 until 1945 - the largest immigrant group were Irish, mainly for economic reasons + followed by European Jews fleeing persecution
1950s - black immigrants from the Caribbean
1960s-1970s - South Asian immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka + East African Asians from Kenya and Uganda
more ethnically diverse society
1962-1990 severe restrictions were placed on non-white immigration
emigration
until the 1980s, more emigrated to live elsewhere than came to settle to the UK
emigrants have gone to USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand
push factors
A02 economic recession
A02 unemployment
pull factors
A02 higher wages
A02 better opportunities abroad
impact of migration on UK population structure
population size
net migration is high, more immigrants (583000)than emigrants (323000) in 2014
also a natural increase, with births exceeding deaths - births to UK mothers remain low
age structure
immigration lowers the average age of the population
A02 directly : immigrants generally younger
A02 indirectly : being younger, immigrants are more fertile and thus produce more babies
the dependancy ratio
immigrants more likely to be of working age and this helps lower the dependency ratio
but, being younger, means immigrants have more children, thereby increasing the ratio
finally, the longer a group is settled, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average, reducing the overall impact on the dependency ratio
globalisation and migration
increased international migration
acceleration : a speeding up of the rate of migration
A02 between 2000 and 2013, international migration increased by 33%
differentiation : different types of migrants
A02 permanent settlers, temporary workers, refugees, asylum seekers, students
before 1900s, immigration to the UK came from a narrow range of former British colonies, most of these migrants had the right to settle
super diversity : migrants now come from a much wider range of countries,
class differences
citizens = with full citizenship rights (A02 voting rights)
denizens = are privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state. A02 like billionaires (oligarchs)
helots = (slaves) the most exploited group, state regards them as disposable units of labour power, found in poorly paid employment and includes illegally trafficked workers
the feminisation of immigration
almost half of all global immigrants are women
the gender division of labour : where female migrants find that they are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women's roles as carers or providers of sexual services
A02 40% of adult care nurses are female migrants
there is a global transfer of women's emotional labour - migrant nannies provide care for their employers children, at the expense of their own children back home
female migrants also enter as 'mail orders' - illegally trafficked sex workers, often kept in conditions amounting to slavery
migrant identities
countries of origin may provide an additional source of identity
hybrid identites : multiple sources
others may challenge their identity, accusing them of not 'fitting in'
the politicisation of migration
seeking to control migration (also linked to national security and anti-terrorism policies)
A02 assimilationism = encouraging immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host country
A02 multi-culturalism = accepting that migrants may wish to retain a separate identity
this can be limited, such as arranged marriages of the veiling of women, is not acceptable to the state - but adopting national dishes is fine
since the '9/11' terrorist attack, many countries have swung back towards stricter policies
A02 in France, veiling of the face in public was made illegal in 2010