demographics pt2

immigration

trends

1900 until 1945 - the largest immigrant group were Irish, mainly for economic reasons + followed by European Jews fleeing persecution

1950s - black immigrants from the Caribbean

1960s-1970s - South Asian immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka + East African Asians from Kenya and Uganda

more ethnically diverse society

1962-1990 severe restrictions were placed on non-white immigration

emigration

until the 1980s, more emigrated to live elsewhere than came to settle to the UK

emigrants have gone to USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand

push factors

A02 economic recession

A02 unemployment

pull factors

A02 higher wages

A02 better opportunities abroad

impact of migration on UK population structure

population size

net migration is high, more immigrants (583000)than emigrants (323000) in 2014

also a natural increase, with births exceeding deaths - births to UK mothers remain low

age structure

immigration lowers the average age of the population

A02 directly : immigrants generally younger

A02 indirectly : being younger, immigrants are more fertile and thus produce more babies

the dependancy ratio

immigrants more likely to be of working age and this helps lower the dependency ratio

but, being younger, means immigrants have more children, thereby increasing the ratio

finally, the longer a group is settled, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average, reducing the overall impact on the dependency ratio

globalisation and migration

increased international migration

acceleration : a speeding up of the rate of migration

A02 between 2000 and 2013, international migration increased by 33%

differentiation : different types of migrants

A02 permanent settlers, temporary workers, refugees, asylum seekers, students

before 1900s, immigration to the UK came from a narrow range of former British colonies, most of these migrants had the right to settle

super diversity : migrants now come from a much wider range of countries,

class differences

citizens = with full citizenship rights (A02 voting rights)

denizens = are privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state. A02 like billionaires (oligarchs)

helots = (slaves) the most exploited group, state regards them as disposable units of labour power, found in poorly paid employment and includes illegally trafficked workers

the feminisation of immigration

almost half of all global immigrants are women

the gender division of labour : where female migrants find that they are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women's roles as carers or providers of sexual services

A02 40% of adult care nurses are female migrants

there is a global transfer of women's emotional labour - migrant nannies provide care for their employers children, at the expense of their own children back home

female migrants also enter as 'mail orders' - illegally trafficked sex workers, often kept in conditions amounting to slavery

migrant identities

countries of origin may provide an additional source of identity

hybrid identites : multiple sources

others may challenge their identity, accusing them of not 'fitting in'

the politicisation of migration

seeking to control migration (also linked to national security and anti-terrorism policies)

A02 assimilationism = encouraging immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host country

A02 multi-culturalism = accepting that migrants may wish to retain a separate identity

this can be limited, such as arranged marriages of the veiling of women, is not acceptable to the state - but adopting national dishes is fine

since the '9/11' terrorist attack, many countries have swung back towards stricter policies

A02 in France, veiling of the face in public was made illegal in 2010