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End Of Year 7, Circuits, Acids and Alkalines, Mass: Matter, Density:…

- - - - Friction
      - Boyancy
      - Tension
      - Air resistance
      - Drag
    - - Magnetism
      - Gravity
      - Electrostatic
    - - Weight: Force
    - - Sink: Item denser
        Float: liquid denser
    - - Moment=Force(N)XDistance from pivot(M)
  - - - Nucleus
        
        Controls the cell
      - Cytoplasm
        
        Where chemical reactions take place
      - Mitochondria
        
        Creates energy
      - Cell Membrane
        
        Controls what goes in and out
      - Chloroplasts
        
        Absorb light
      - Vacuole
        
        Sap to keep the cell turgid
      - Cell Wall
        
        Supports and protects the cell
      - Turquoise = Plant Cell ONLY
    - - Red blood cell
        
        large surface area + no necleus
        
        Carrys oxygen
      - Egg Cell
        
        To be fertilised
        
        Large cytoplasm
      - Muscle cell
        
        contract and relax
        
        Lots of mitochondria
      - Root hair cell
        
        Absorb water
        
        Large surface area
      - Sperm cell
        
        Move to egg
        
        Tail for swimming
    - - Unicellular
        
        Organisms with 1 cell
      - Multicellular
        
        2 or more cells
    - - The movement of liquids and gases from an area of high concentration to low concentration
    - - The movement of water particles from high to low concentation
    - - Objective lense
      - Stage
      - Lamp
      - Eyepiece lense
      - Arm
      - Stage clips
      - Adjustment knobs
      - Base
  - - - a solid is where particles are bound together and can only vibrate
      - Organised
      - Compact
      - Touching
        
        not connected
        
        brownian motion
        
        Hot water has more energy than cold water. First seen by looking at pollen grains in water. The water particals were colliding with the pollen grains, causing them to move around jerkily.
    - - connected weakly
      - adapts shape
    - - move quickly
- - - - there are different energy transfers
        
        radiation
        
        mechanically
        
        electrically
        
        heating
    - - electrostatic :balloon:
      - thermal :fire:
      - chemical
      - gravitational potential :earth_africa:
      - kenetic :racing_car:
      - nuclear :bomb:
      - elastic potential :left_right_arrow:
      - thrust
      - push/pull
    - - Output, Input and efficiency
    - - Wasted
        
        Useful
        
        Input
    - - Where does it go?
        
        75% Breathing and blood circulation
        15% Completing activities
        10% digesting food
      - Release types
        
        Quick
        
        Gives you lots of energy soon
        
        Slow
        
        Gives you energy over a period of time
    - - Ways:
        
        Nuclear
        
        Geothermal
        
        Solar
        
        Fossil fuels
        
        Biomas
      - Renewable?
        
        :red_cross:
        
        :check:
        
        :check:
        
        :red_cross:
        
        :check: :question:
  - - - Health
        
        It is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, as well as the absence of disease.
      - Fit
        
        It can be defined as the ability of a body to cope with the demands of its lifestyle.
      - Exercising
        
        Increases
        
        Heart rate
        
        Breathing speed
        
        Body temperature
        
        Breathe deeper
        
        Sweaty
        
        Muscles get tired
    - - Healthy
        
        Being healthy is being in a complete state of physical, mental and socially well.
      - Pulse rate
        
        Resting rate:
        
        60-80bpm
        
        Recovery rate
        
        The time for your pulse to get back to normal.
        
        The fitter the person the quicker the recovery time. This is because the heart works more efficiently and becomes larger.
        
        This is cardiac hypertrophy
    - - Types
        
        Proteins
        
        Carbohydrates
        
        Minerals
        
        Fats
        
        Vitamins
        
        Fibre
        
        Water
        
        Dairy
        
        Carbohydrates:
        Starch and sugary
        
        Proteins:
        Help your body grow and repair itself
        
        Fats and oils
        Used as an energy store.
        
        Vitamins and minerals
        They help your body to work properly
        
        Water
        Needed for chemical reactions
        
        Fibre
        Helps your digestive system break down food
      - Tests
        
        Fats
        
        Ethanol
        
        Protein
        
        Biuret
        
        Starch
        
        Iodine
        
        Sugar
        
        Benedict's
    - - Parts
        
        Liver (produces bile)
        
        Grall Bladder
        
        Mouth
        
        Oesophagus
        
        Stomach
        
        Large intestine
        
        Small intestine
        
        Rectum/anus
      - Purpose
        
        The purpose of the digestive system is to break down larger food molecules into small molecules in order to provide the body with energy.
        
        Regions of the digestive system are adapted to the digestion and absorption of food.
        
        Digestive enzymes are used to break down food in the gut into small molecules that can be absorbed through the gut wall
      - Digestive Enzymes
        
        Amylase
        
        Starch
        
        Into: Sugar
        
        Lipase
        
        Fat
        
        Into: Fatty acids
        
        Protease
        
        Proteins
        
        Into: Amino acids
        
        REMEMBERING
        
        FLF
        Fat Little Frogs
        
        Lipase
        
        PPA
        Pinching Pies Angrily
        
        Protease
        
        SAS
        
        Amylase
        
        Enzyme-substrate complex
    - - Size of body parts
        
        Cell
        
        Tissue
        
        Organ
        
        Organ system
        
        Organism
    - - Ways into the body
        
        Mouth
        
        Nose
        
        Eyes
        
        Ears
        
        Vaccines/nedles
        
        Through open wounds
        
        Through body fluids
      - What are they?
        
        Microbes
        
        Microbe is the name given to viruses and bacteria. Microorganisms are also known as 'Germs'. Harmful germs can make us unwell.
        
        Pathogens
        
        Pathogens are the harmful microorganisms that cause infectious disease.
        
        Bacteria
        
        Bacteria reproduce rapidly outside your cells and release toxins (poisons) that damage tissue
        
        Viruses
        
        Viruses live and reproduce rapidly inside you cells and erupt from them causing cell damage
      - White Blood cells kill pathogens
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Cells ingest pathogens
        
        Produce Antibodies
        
        They bind to bacteria and kill it
        
        Produce Antitoxins
        
        They neutralise the bacterial toxins
  - - - Periodic Table Link
      - Layout
        
        Your table :male-scientist::skin-tone-4: :female-scientist::skin-tone-2:
        
        G1 - Alkali metals
        
        G2 - Alkaline Earth metals
        
        G7 - Hologens
        
        G8/0 - Noble gases
        
        Between G2 and G3 - Transition metals
        
        18 Groups
        
        40 transition metal
    - - Atom :atom_symbol:
        
        Proton
        
        Positive :heavy_check_mark:
        
        Atomic Number
        
        Electron
        
        Negative :red_cross:
        
        Atomic number
        
        Neutron
        
        Neutral :question:
        
        Atomic mass :heavy_minus_sign: Atomic number
        
        Structure :atom_symbol:
        
        big number :arrow_up:
        
        Atomic Mass
        
        small number :arrow_down:
        
        Atomic Number
        
        :arrow_lower_left: EXAMPLE :arrow_right:
        
        In the example: Atomic number = 8 Atomic mass = 15.999
        
        Protons = 8 Electrons = 8 Neutrons = 7.999
        
        Atoms are tiny particles
      - Molecule
        
        Two or more atoms joined together
    - - Group = number of electrons on outer most shell
      - MAX: 2 electrons on inner shell, all others 8 electrons
      - Oxygen: group 6 - 6 electrons on outer shell :white_circle:
    - - It is the scientific name for burning
      - It happens when a fuel reacts with oxygen.
      - Methane is used in Bunsen burners
        
        It is made from carbon and hydrogen (CH₄)
      - When something is mixed with oxygen in combustion it becomes [The substance] oxide
        
        EXAMPLE
        
        Magnesium + Oxygen = Magnesium oxide Mg+O=MgO
    - - Definition :pencil2:
        
        The iron reacts with water and oxygen to form hydrated iron oxide which is rust
        
        Iron and steel rust when they come into contact with water and oxygen
        
        Rusting is a oxidation reaction
    - - Metals corrode when they react with oxygen to form oxides in the presence of water.
    - - Definition :pencil2:
        
        It's when heat energy is used to break down another substance
      - Metal Carbonate decomposition
        
        When a metal carbonate thermally decompose the products are [the metal] oxide and carbon dioxide. =your metal: + heat + oxygen= * oxide and carbon dioxide
    - - Definition :pencil2:
        
        During chemical/physical reactions or change of state, no atoms are created or destroyed. The total mass of chemicals before and after a reaction remains the same. This is called the Law of Conservation of Mass.
- - - - Definition :pencil2:
        
        Biodiversity is a measure of how much variety there is in a species, genetics and ecosystem
      - Most biodiverse ecosystem
        
        Amazon rainforest
      - :earth_africa: Importance :<3:
        
        What would happen without it? :forbidden::deciduous_tree::forbidden: = :black_circle::arrow_left:Earth
        
        If the world wasn't biodiverse, everything would die as we all depend on each other
        
        Everything would be the same
        
        There wouldn't be any food chains
        
        No food-Everything would die
        
        No oxygen/carbon dioxide
      - :recycle: Protection :forbidden:
        
        Problems
        
        Waste Management
        
        rubbish is left in landfill sites killing the nearby environment
        
        land Use
        
        People use the land to build on and use
        
        Peat bogs are built up over time and contains lots of carbon so plants don't grow there
        
        Deforestation
        
        Trees are cut down for timber for wood and paper
        
        Trees are burned to clear the land for farming
        
        This uses lots of oxygen ad releases lots of CO2
        
        Global Warming
        
        Increase of the earth's temperature because of CO2 and other gases creating a 'greenhouse effect' on the earth
        
        Pollution
        
        Over-exploitation of natural materials
      - :question: What does it do :question:
        
        Give us food
        
        Lets different plants and animals live; not just one species
        
        Creates habitats for plants, animals and humans
    - - Mean
        
        Add all the numbers together, divide them by the amount there are.
      - Mode
        
        The most common number
      - Median
        
        The middle number. If there are two then find the mean of these
      - Range
        
        Biggest number :heavy_minus_sign: Smallest number
    - - :question: Why :lion_face:
        
        Perditor/prey
        
        Adaptations
        
        Bioaccumulation
    - - Definition :pencil2:
        
        Bioaccumulation is when toxins enter the food chain, such as pesticides being sprayed onto crops
      - :explode:It's BAD:warning:
      - Eutrophication
        
        :one: Fertilisers are added to water
        
        :two: Nutrients feed algae which floats to the top
        
        :three: Algae prevents sunlight
        
        :four: Bacteria grows in the water
        
        :five: It absorbs oxygen from the water and everything in the water dies
        
        :six: The water is now called 'Anoxic'
    - - Biomass
        
        The amount of a thing + g/m ^2
      - Population
        
        The number of things
    - - Parts
        
        Waxy cuticle
        
        protects leaf but allows light
        
        Upper epidermix
        
        Single layer of cells for more protection
        
        Palisade mesophyll
        
        Closely packed the absorb sunlight
        
        Spongy mesophyll
        
        Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
        
        Lower epidermis
        
        A single layer of cells containing the stomata and guard cells
        
        Guard cells
        
        Control things that go in and out
        
        Stomata
        
        Holes that let gases in and out
    - - Absorbing sunlight
      - Chloroplasts
        
        Part of a plant cell