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CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES
What is Research Questions？
Definition
Methodological point of departure of scholarly research in both the natural sciences and humanities
A formal statement of the goal of a study
Importance
To be able to identify the research question.
Leads to specific variables
The first methodological steps
Steps to formulate the strong research question
Choose an appropriate topic or issue
List all the questions
Choose the best question
Evaluate the research question
What is Research Hypotheses?
Definition
A specific statement of prediction.
It is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture.
It provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon under investigation.
Important
It guides the research.
Helps to investigator to collect the right kind of data needed for the investigation
Help an investigator to locate information needed to resolve the research problem or sub-problem.
Steps Involved in Stating a Hypothesis
Deriving a hypothesis
Have a sound set of reasons bases on knowledge about relationship among the variables that make up the hypotheses.
Designating the independent and dependent variables
A connecting verb-relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
The object-the indenpent variable.
The subject-independent variable.
Stating the hypothesis
To avoid:
Do not use "prove"
Do not state exact degrees of association.
How to create research hypotheses?
It derived from theory, logical argument, the opinions of others
It is formulated following the review of related literature and prior to the execution of the study.
It is the propositions suggested from the qualitative research.
Characteristics of a Good Hypotheses
Created based on established theories.
Described in a declarative from, brief, and straight to the point.
Testable statements.
Use positive statement
Using sufficient theoretical and empirical evidence.
Refuted or supported by research findings.
Expressed in terms that can be measured.
Types and forms of Research Hypotheses.
Negative relationship
between two variables.
-The values for the variable move in the opposite directions
Positive relationship or association
between variables. -The variables move in the same directions.
Curvilinear or nonlinear relationship.
-The relationship goes in one direction, then in the other.
No relationship.
-Two variables are not related to one another.
How to have strong hypotheses?
State the expectations concerning the relationship between the variables.
It is a refinement of the research problem.
Collect data that either supports the hypothesis or refutes it.
Be a clear, testable statement, not a question.
Concise and to the point.
States specific predictions.
Usually in future tense
Can be in one-tailed
Number or assigned a letter to each of the hypotheses.
Matched with specific objectives.