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Exchange and Transport - Coggle Diagram
Exchange and Transport
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Fish
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In the lamellaes, blood flows through one way while water flows over the in the opposite direction (the counter-current system). It maintains a large concentration gradient between the water and the blood. Concentration of oxygen is always higher in the water than in the blood. Therefore, there is a constant flow of oxygen diffusing from the water into the blood.
Insects
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Tracheae branch of into tracheoles which have thin, permeable walls. This means the oxygen diffuses straight into respiring cells
CO2 moves down its own concentration gradient towards the spiracles and is released into the atmosphere
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Plants
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The main gas exchange surface is the surface of the mesophyll cells (they have a large surface area)
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Stomata can open to allow gas exchange but can close if the plant is losing too much water - guard cells control the opening and closing
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Humans
Lungs
Air enters the trachea, splits into the two bronchi, then into the bronchioles, at the end of the bronchioles there is the alveoli which is where gas exchange occurs
The diaphragm, intercostal muscles and ribcage all work together to allow this process to happen
Inspiration
The external intercostal and diaphragm contracts, the ribcage moves upwards and outwards, diaphragm flattens and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity,
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as TC volume increases, lung volume decreases
Expiration
The external intercostal and the diaphragm relax, the ribcage moves downwards and inwards, diaphragm becomes curved again
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Alveoli gas exchange
Huge number of alveoli for big surface area, they are surrounded by a network of capillaries
Oxygen diffuses through the alveoli exthothelium and the capillary endothelium into the blood, CO2 diffuses into the alveoli to be breathed out
Alveoli are adapted to gas exchange as the exchange surface is only one cell thick so short diffusion pathway and there is a large surface area as there is millions of them in the lungs
