How does politics influence the establishment of educational (in)equity and the priorities of teaching and learning throughout the history of schooling in the United States?

Immigration

History of Latinos in the U.S. Book

Quest for Educational Freedom

Americanization/Socialization

Black Mexican and Native Americans were not only being subjugated but their Civil Rights were being violated on a regular basis.

CP Articles

Common Schools

What schools were like, texts books, teachers, students

African American education in America

Dual Systems of Education

Parallel Education occurring within U.S. between non- Whites and Common beliefs of the dominant society

"Separate but equal" : Long term dominating system

" The curriculum" Progressive way of learning and teaching

Class

Why Schools were started

Segregation in Schools

Standardized methods of instruction

English only Policies

School Reform

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Education determined on Ethnicity/Race Class

Manual Training and Industrial Education

Boarding Schools for Native Americans

John Dewy and Progressive Education

Deculturalization of Ethnic minority groups through Education

IQ tests

ELL students considered unintelligent based on subjective testing

Home Economics

Citizenship

Bracero Program

GI's Returning from war

La Raza Cosmica

Hispanic and Census

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Pedagogists

Shor

Darder

Friere

McLaren

Grioux

Hooks

Capitalist, Racist, classists, sexists ideologies

Hispanics being split by Census

Force fitting between White and Black

”Each of these nations is fully Latino, flowing with mixed blood, the Spanish tongue and, at times, intermixed with indigenous languages.”

Domination and subordination to systems of Opression

Systems of Oppression

Awareness of complicit ways people over valued certain language practices and values, along with how they walk talked and dressed

False Generosity: "Generosity" oppressors must perpetuate injustice as well b/c of their beliefs

Empowing Education

Banking Model

Sub Oppressors: Oppressed groups who become oppressors themselves

Having a Colonized mentality

Developing Strong skills

critical curiosity

Habits of inquiry

Power

Academic knowledge

Inequality

Change

Eleven Values

"Participatory, affective, problem-posing, situated, multicultural, dialogic, de-socializing, democratic, researching, interdisciplinary, and activist”

Argues the challenge is for educators to focus on the fundamental issues for the establishment of a culturally democratic foundation for a critical bicultural pedagogy in the classroom”

"Engaged Pedagogy"

Teachers committed to themselves spiritually, emotionally, and physically in their own well-being in order to be able to properly educate students in liberating ways.

Teaching in a way that promotes own-well being

Mexican Americans Being pushed into Labor and Trade positions

People of low educational background being put into more hazardous positions in the military

Mexican American/Latinos being denied the opportunity to take pre-collegiate classes

Key

ORANGE: Module 1

BLUE: Module 2

PINK: Module 3

Culture Circles of CP Souto-Manning

Critical Cycle

Time Line

Noboa-Rios

4 Aspects of Critical Pedagogy

1.Critical pedagogy is grounded in a social and educational vision of justice, equality, and the belief that education is inherently political.

3. Critical pedagogy is based on generative themes.

2. Critical pedagogy is dedicated to the alleviation of human suffering, takes first-hand knowledge into consideration, and prevents students from being blamed for failing..

4. Teachers position themselves as ethnographers, learning from observation, coding the information collected, and employing learning in their new plans.

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Historical Accounts of Culture Circles

Educational Acts

High Stakes Testing and Standardization of Curriculum

School Desegregation / Integration

Meaning: Alleviating oppressive situations, poer over and recurring oppression.

Meaning: Teaching students to become critical thinkers is key to having them understand various perspectives as well as learn the tools and strategies they need to recognize and challenge the status quo.

Meaning:teachers must embrace the fluidity of the roles of teacher and learner (Friere,1970)

Meaning: A teaching approach that affirms students diversities and considers students' perspectives.

Meaning: If the student is having challenges learning it is b/c there is a larger issue surrounding the situation.

Starting with what students know

understanding issues that are truly important to them in their out-of-school lives

Being able to engage all students in naming the issues and engaging in problem-posing education.

Problem Posing Education: a method of teaching that emphasizes critical thinking for the purpose of liberation

Freire taught 300 people to read and write in three months.

"Freire drew plans for 20, 000 culture circles to involve 2 million people by 1964" (Souto-Manning)

Freire's culture circles became so powerful that they came to be seen as a threat to the military government.

Freire's culture circles were dismantled soon after the coup d'tetat of the Brazilian government.

Freire's Popular culture movement (PCM)

Culture Circles have contributed to the development of agency by thousands of people since their inception in the 1960's (Freire, 2000)

CC:Words and Worlds

Two tenants of Culture circles

Dialogue in the process of education

Political Nature

The importance of using knowledge and education as tools for social change

Generative themes and the use of representation on classrooms as well as how dialogue can help the transformation of problem solving

Using prior experience and identifying participant in a specific and positive way.

Discourse & Identities

Dialogical, Critical and, Political Spaces

Making learning memorable and relevant

Take away the ideas of conventional classroom teaching

Connect with students on other levels in order to be vulnerable and to express to them how their lived experienced are valuable to their education

Final Essay Supporting Evidence

Final Essay

Critical Pedagogy Articles

Noboa-Rios Book

Documentary

Time line

Tripartite System

Student discourse about their identity

Challenging pre determinations and implementing new strategies of action

Focus of relevant themes and strengths and knowledge from familiar experiences.

Tired System of Education

Argument

Thesis Statement:Latinos in the U.S. have endured many aspects of an un equitable tiered system in education that has significantly affected their identity, their professions, as well as their overall success and inclusion in American society.

Why does this matter? It matters because not only is it offering a less than an ideal outlook for Latinos in America but it is undeniably going against the phrase " Liberty and Justice for all " as far as education and opportunity goes. All citizens deserve equitable education and the freedom to choose .

3 claims from book in support of demonstrating a Tiered System.....What are the effects of a tiered system of education?

Classism & Social Hegemony affecting Careers/ Higher education

Bilingual Education and Educational Achievement in Latinos

Loss of Identity through Deculturalization and Assimilation

Two tiered schools

Tier Two schools tend to come from homes with financial struggles and fewer resources. All but guarantees that this division of knowledge and power will persist.(2022, Psychreg Ltd)

Tier One schools tend to receive a better education. Tier One schools – through various incentive programs – receive more funds and have more resources (2022, Psychreg Ltd)

Charter, magnet, choice, and private schools. Generally, these schools are recognized as doing a great job of educating their students.(2022, Psychreg Ltd)

Regular’ public schools who struggle to ‘make the grade’ and are often seen as falling short of expectations. Their students do not perform as well on high stakes testing and present with challenging behavioral issues. (2022, Psychreg Ltd)

Started with race/ethnicity and classism and eventually molded into choice, opportunity and accesablity.

The aims of the system were to award children based on their ability and to help break down some of the class barriers that existed in society, as bright children from working class backgrounds could theoretically win a place at a grammar school

The system led to the reproduction of class inequality – typically middle class students passed the 11+ and went to grammar schools, got qualifications and higher paid jobs, and vice-versa for the working classes

Plesssy and racial minorities being left out

Unabated Segregation

"The rule of law had expanded as common knowledge on how communities were to behave and accordingly respond. Nomenclature was that schools with “Spanish or Mexican” children, for example, were called “Mexican,” whereas White children were simply known as “American.” As schools were identified by type of student, labels denoting race sufficed to denote the rank and importance for any school under review"

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LULAC members fighting for equal opportuniites

Gerrymandering

Traditional Dual systems transformed into tripartite systems by 1900,

School Funding

Agricultural need more important than education importance. Child labor laws not enforced