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GVCs - Coggle Diagram

- - - - - Access qualified personnel (highly skilled STEM)
    - - Brazilian in not only assembling auto, but also design for global markets. Indian not only offshore programming tasks, but also product design. Depend on the firms from developed countries.
      - Offshore not only routined tasks, but also rely on capabilities that are complex and only occasionally needed. Non-MNCs -> not accelerate innovations.
      - firms involved in international outsourcing of R&D are of a particular kind: they are highly outward oriented, more productive and R&D intensive (French). firms with patents are more intensely involved in this activity. Our results also suggest that the outsourcing of R&D in global markets by French firms is motivated by technology sourcing rather than cost-saving interests
      - being an exporter, international technological cooperation, continuous R&D engagement, applying for patents, being a foreign subsidiary, and firm size are factors that positively affect the decision to offshore R&D. Spanish firms.
      - foreign subsidiaries show a smaller propensity for external technology sourcing via R&D outsourcing from independent firms in the host country, for international R&D outsourcing and for international cooperation for innovation. In contrast, foreign subsidiaries show a greater propensity for domestic cooperation for innovation