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ch13-1: the new kind of war - Coggle Diagram
ch13-1: the new kind of war
preparation for war
After the loss of Fort Sumter, N prepares for war.
To put down insurgency, Lincoln called for militia.
After Lincoln's appeal for troops, the upper South seceded from the Union.
They believed they wouldn't be able to defeat the other S states.
The S states of Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri did not secede from the Union.
The side compared
Union
The Union has a larger population than the Confederacy.
There are 22,000 miles of railroad track in the United States.
more factories & factory workers, money, bank credit, ships, locomotives, steel, iron, farm machinery, firearms ..
Many types of crops are grown in N.
S was overflowing with a few crops (tobacco, cotton, and rice) that were exported to supplement what it lacked.
N had a lot of time-saving tricks in his sleeve.
reaper: more efficient harvesting, whereas S relies on slave labor.
problems of the Confederacy (S)
A fifth column is an enemy force stationed behind enemy lines.
Slaves have the potential to become a fifth column (or an internal enemy)
Slaves had ample motives to assist the N. (owner suppressed them ..)
S was 1/3 percent black, and white S lived in constant terror of civil conflict (by slaves)
During the conflict, S failed to make effective use of slaves.
S did not give slaves weaponry since slaves have the ability to revolt.
In its armed forces, N employs blacks.
South’s delusion
N may be divided, preventing them from putting up an effective resistance.
Because S is the world's largest cotton grower, no power on the planet can defeat S.
The United Kingdom and France would break the embargo on N and assist S in obtaining the necessary cotton.
The South is the only part of the country that is civilized.
S will perish as a result of economic strangling, and the N will triumph due to significant advantages.
Short war
N anticipated that the battle would be over quickly at first.
N appeared to be superior in every aspect.
The attacking army always held the upper hand over the defensive army.
The Rifle
old fashioned weapons (smoothbore flintlock musket etc..)
Inaccurate aim, short range, sluggish reloading
During the Revolutionary War, typical equipment in the British armies was
Before the defenders shot them down, the attacking army might get close (attackers had more advantage)
N generals believed they could win a few decisive battles (because to their superior numbers) / generals studying at West Point at the time
The war was four years long
This war differs from previous American conflicts in the following ways
The rifle
When the bullet was pushed out, the weapon spun it.
This provided it with a longer range and more precise aim.
The Caplock
utilized a new chemical in a cap to create an explosion that sent the bullet flying
It works in the rain (ancient flintlocks didn't work in the rain).
Breechloaders: loaded from the back near the trigger more quickly.
Soldiers are taught to delve deep:
fort
The spade was just as important as the pistol.
The spade is used by soldiers to turn the earth into a fort (start of trench warfare)
They have a fort built out of the dirt to shield them from enemy guns.
Generals used to believe that soldiers were cowardly if they hid in a hole.
new strategy
Attackers using anything they can see (logs, rocks, etc.) to gain some of the defenders' advantages = Indian tactics
The attackers dispersed into small groups of skirmishers.
Defenders hide behind battlements in well-supplied positions due to long-range firearms.
The attackers might be picked off by the defenders before they got too close.
Railroad's significance
Ammunition, food, and bandages had to be carried by the attackers.
During the war, the railroad played a vital role in transporting supplies.
After supplies departed the train, soldiers still had to carry supplies by horse or mule.
During the Civil War, the enemy's communication networks were targeted:
If you cut the rail, the enemies will be forced to quit fighting.
the war of exhaustion
They had to halt supply by river as well.
The United States had many ports where goods could be landed, as well as roadways connecting them to the rest of the world.
To strangle S, the N grabbed and blockaded the ports and coast.
The N ships hampered the S's ability to export cotton and kept huge merchant ships at bay.
Both citizens and military personnel in the S were affected by the war of weariness.
The depletion war is a type of warfare in which the enemy's supplies are cut off.
The same ship transported supplies for troops (weapons, ammunition, etc.) as well as supplies for people (food, cloth ..)
The N blockade worked slowly but steadily.
The blockade: Conda (anaconda) is a gigantic snake that kills its prey by squeezing it.
War today is nothing like it was in the past.
Other analysts began to believe it was not a war at all, comparing it to a game of chess.
It was not gained by a few decisive battle victories.
They should deplete the enemy's resources until their will to resist is gone in this conflict.
the old rules of war which generals learned from a West Point were not of much use
Everybody's war
Every family has experienced the loss of a soldier.
Newspapers reported the fights so that civilians could keep up with what was going on.
N reporters snuck behind Southern lines, posing as women or confederate troops.
Some generals were against the newspaper because it was handing the enemy information.
The New York Times, the New York Herald, and the New York World (famous one)
Mathew Brady & his crew :
pioneer photographer
risked their lives to take images
Some of his crews were sent home to show their families the battle activity.
Women at war
Dorothea Dix
first Superintendent of Women Nurses who selected and assigned women to hospitals
Louisa May Alcott
worked in a hospital for Dorothea Dix
author of ‘Little Women’
Clara Barton
Washington's first female clerks
help the injured troops voluntarily
The United States Sanitary Commission was founded by women.
Aided in the establishment of hospitals, the care of injured people, and the promotion of hygiene.
Some women enlisted in the army by posing as men.
The border states
Washington would be lost if Maryland (a slave state) seceded.
Lincoln bent the Constitution in order to rescue the Union and the Constitution.
In Maryland, Lincoln declared martial law, restricted the press, and detained people.
Lincoln refused to allow civilians who had been detained to come before civilian magistrates to explain why they were being imprisoned.
It has put the writ of habeas corpus on hold.
writ of habeas corpus: a court order that grants a judge the authority to release a person who is being held in an unconstitutional detention facility.
Chief Justice Taney argued that the President did not have the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus.
Lincoln was willing to disobey the law to maintain the Union, therefore he disregarded Taney's verdict.
Maryland was a part of the Union (the state's pro-Union stance grew) => Maryland elected to join the army of the United States.
Missouri & Kentucky
The Confederate boundary would be pushed to the Ohio River if Missouri and Kentucky seceded.
These states are still part of the Union, thanks to Lincoln's efforts.
the question of emancipation
Lincoln refused to emancipate the slave states on the border in order to keep the Union together (liberate slave)
His top priority was to keep the Union together.