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UK human (unit 4) - Coggle Diagram
UK human (unit 4)
London
connectivity
national
diverse city with wide cultural connections
A1 and M1 roads lead to the north of the UK
fast rail services link major UK cities
future travel times will be quicker with HS2
regional
a radial network - roads converge itno London like a spoke of a wheel
international
largest international air 'hub'
Eurostar brings European major cities within a few hours travel from London
second biggest international airport at Heathrow
Docklands
causes of decline
by 1981 larger ships could no longer reach the port of London due to shallow channels
the docklands were very difficult areas to get to due to poor transport
by 1981 the area had few jobs and there was a lack of basic services
newcomers did not mix with local people, casuing a breakdown of East communities
the docks become abandoned and derelict
over 50% of the docklands were derelict with many empty warehouses and factories
housing
the origional houses were cheap enough for poorly paid workers so didn't need to be relaced so money was wasted
the improvement in home provision has increased the resident population from 39,400 in 1981 to 76,850 in 1996
new houses were too expensive for local workers
Newham council has concentrated on providing low cost housing
the original houses lacked modern amenities
7,900 local authority (council) houses we refurbished
the proportion of owner occupied houses increased from 5% to 40%
over 19,800 new homes have been built, many of which are former warehouses converted into luxury flats
environmental
728 hectars of derelict land was reclaimed
130,000 hectars of open space was created
17 conservation areas were created
160,000 trees were planted
economic
unemployment ha fallen from 14.2% to 9.5%
Canary Wharf has increased office space and TNC investment
employment increased from 27,000 in 1981 to 69,975 in 1996
new shopping centers have been developed in studentification
estimates claim that both embloyment and business numbers doubled between 1981 and 1996
almost £100 million has been spend on education, healthcare, training and community service programs
financial and high-tech firm such as ITV studios are attracted to low rents
wealthy newcommers caused local shops and recreational prices to rise
during the 19th century and until early 1950s London was the busiest port in the world
more money was spent on expensive offices instead of services such as hospitals and care homes
transport
over 135km's of new roads leading to and within the Docklands has been built inclluding a link with the M11
the Docklands light railway now carries 320,000 passengers a week over its 29km of track
the Docklands Light Railway is now connected to the underground
the city airport, built in the Royal Docks, handled over half a million passengers in 1995
improved transport links means that central London can now be reached within 10 minutes
the M25 surrounds London and is an example of useful transport
the docklands were a very difficult area to get to due to poor transport routes
structure of London - London has 3 CBDs which are London Bridge (which can be confused with te famous Tower bridge), Canary Wharf, and London's West end such as Oxford street
there are many tall and thin buildings in London's CBD since the price of land is very high, so renting a small area and building up is cheaper
Poorer Inner Suburbs
the land was used for factories, flats and terraced housing for the working class in the 18th - 19th century
these run down areas don't have much nature and only have a few park areas and many have factories polluting the air
this area is densly built with terraced housing and a crowded area with more compact living spaces and flats
18th-19th century buildings and factories for the working class with terraced housing
examples are hackney, River Lea and resitents nearby, and Shoreditch
Wealthy Inner Suburbs
the land is used for housing imilar to that seen in 'Coronation Street' and some factories and older houses or offices (can be converted into flats)
there are some key parks in the CBD's close by in smarter, wealthier areas of the inner suburbs, which gives it a higher environmental quality, but the increase in travel to the CBD may worsen it.
densly built areas with lots of terraced housing and some detached houses for the wealthier people, which are compact to fit more in
examles are Notting hill, park royal and areas 1km west of Kensington
18th-19th century buildings which were close together for high-income people who want to be close to the city
Rural-Urban Fringe
this land has many fields for produce and farming, and gardens to go wit the large modern housing away from the city, and some industrial jobs, which are mostly residential.
there is a higher environmental quality in these areas as each house has a garden and there are many open areas, such as Ebbing forest, and less travel takes place due to recent increases in teleworking
the building density is lower as many houses are detatched with a graden, and land is cheap, whereas houses are larger and expensive.
examples are Loughton, North East areas of London, and Romford
this is where the city meets the country side with most housing built after the 20th century, making them more modern and spacious.
CBD
the land is used to build expensive housing and offices to use the space for igh buildings, to make the most of the expensive land.
despite the high density, London's CBD benefits from national parks e.g. Hyde park, but has the worst air pollution which is caused by high levels of traffic and congestion
due to high land values, it is more densly built, with taller buildings and more housing which may include more terraced housing
examples are Canary Wharf, London Bridge and London's west end
London's CBD is the oldest part of the city. It is the most accessible area and is at the center of London
Suburbs affected by migration
Lambeth
Housing - 44% own their property, 20% rent privately, 34% rent from social housing
services - 81% of children in schools from ethnic backgrounds. 140 languages are spoken in Lambeth schools: English is a second langauge for half of school students
Income - average income area
Culture - varies, from black Caribbean culture (especially food and market stalls and restaurants in Brixton) to white middle class
ethnicity - diverse ( 38% born outisde UK from 152 countries) Black 25%, white 55%, small Asian population 8%
Richmond Upon Thames
Housing - £41,000: 16% rent privately, 15% rent from social housing
services - less pressure on schools with fewer children, but has higher than average percentage in care homes
Income - 69% have professional or managerial occupations
culture - predominantly white middle class
ethnicity - One of the least diverse boroughs in London. 85% white - overseas residents from USA and EU
Newham
housing - most rented, 32% own their property, 32% rent from social housing
services - schools under pressurecaused by high birth rate. Pressure on social services with 38% of children living in poverty
Income - low income area
culture - many Asian with several mosques and African anglican churches
ethnicity - one of London's most diverse boroughs: 30% white, 26% black Caribbean and African
when an area is deprived, it has a lower standard of living, that is poorer and there is less investment in services for the local area
crime
health
education
living environment
income
barriers to housing
employment
services
deprivation measurements:
IMD - Index of Multiple Deprivation
uses quantitive and qualitative data
in 2019, over 2 million of London's population lived in poverty - around 28%
decline of the London Docklands
shipping containers (containerisation)
industries began to rely on containerisation to transport goods, meaning ports are no longer used because these ships are too big for regular ports
depopulation
parts of London have unemployment rates over 60% and areas suffer depopulation when people leave to find work
de-industrialisation
industries relied on ports so they moved when it was destroyed . These industries then closed and by 2001 only 7.5% worked in manufacturing
why did London grow
suburbanisation
decentralisation
employment opportunities
counter- urbanisation
increase in single people
falling family sizes
infrastructure improvements
re - urbanisation
rebranding and regeneration
examples are Manchester, Liverpool and Canary Wharf
HS1 and cross rail makes East london accessible (Eurostar)
when an area is redeveloped and marketed in ways that make it more attractive to visitors and investors
as the population increases, so does the cost of living, since demand becomes higher (e.g. houses become more expensive)
sustainable London
the number of people who worked mostly from home doubled from 4.3% to 8.6% in 2012, but that is still only 1 in 12
FIRST STEPS offers Londoners the change to buy 25% or 50% of a property and rentthe reminder. Unfortunately, Kings park in Harold Wood in Essx includes a 3 bed home for £400,000. Morgages and rent together would cost £1300 a month
'source London' provides the UK's first city-wide electric vehicle charging point network, with 4500 charging points in London by 2018
skills programmes, for instant En-route to Sustainable Employment, aim to help young Londoners (16-24 years old) from all ethnic backgrounds to obstain higher paid jobs
recycling bins are being placed all over the city. Waste-burning power stations are also being develope to generate heat and power
BedZED homes use 45% less electricity and 58% less water than the UK average home. Residents also recycle 60% of their waste. Sadly, this is London' only sustainable housing example.
by 2020, London aims to reduce household waste by 10% through reusing waste and providing accessible recycling and composting services
loss of farmland in London's greenbelt/rural urban fringe will mean more food has to be importedand this leads to more air pollution
if employees didn't have to travel into the office to do their job and could work from home, this would improve sustainability and quality of life
the London living wage encourages businesses to pay £9.75 per hour, helping employees with the high cost of living in London. 1033 companies are currently signed up
the congestion charge has resulted in a 6% increase in bus passengers. An extra £1.2 billion will be invested in buses to help with this rise
self service bikes and bike lanes make it easier and safer for commuters to cycle. Santander Cycles offer more than 11,500 bikes at over 750 docking stations across London
BedZED in South London is a housing community that promotes energy conservation. There are nearly 100 apartments and they use 81% lesss energy than the average UK home
zero emission taxis are helping to reduce air pollution levels.The mayor of London will give taxi drivers up to £7,500 off the price of a zero emissions taxi
In order to improve quality of life, green spaces in London need to be protected such as green belt land or AONB
FIRST STEPS is a programme organised by the major of London to help low income Londoners to buy homes through sharedownerships
flexible working hours are more common, which helps people to travel more cheaply outside normal working hours
many companies & organisations are encouraging people to work at home 1-2 day a week
many housing projects claim to be 'affordable' but to live in the East village affordable housing you need the salary of £60,000
Since 2012, all London buses have been hybrid (using a fuel powered engine combined with an electric motor) making buses cleaner and more efficient
London introduced a congestion charge in 2003 - charging motorists to travel into central London, Monday - Friday
BedZED works in partnership with the UK'sleading car-sharing operation, City car Club. Residents are encouraged to use this environmentally friendly alternative to car ownerships and a range of vehicles are available
London recycles 34% of it's waste. The UK average is 43%. The borough of Newham, where the 2012 Games were held, recycles less than 20% of its waste
'source London' currently ofers customers over 850 charging points for electric vehicles across London for £4 a month
changes to London
long existing communities have been destroyed with many people moving out to new towns
transport links have been improved with thousands of passengers a day using the Docklands light railway and Jubilee underground line
some traditional businesseshave closed with the changing population
the environmental quality of East London has improved with new green space openings
many new housing developments in East London have been built with young professionals in mind
businesses have been attracted back to East London with Canary Wharf being a global hub
many locals have been forced out of East London especially the Dockland area
the population of East london has increased and with more wealthier residents
Foreign investors buy London properties reducing the overall housing stock available
London's population density is increasing as more space is used up by housing developments
Terlin
Due to the closing of th local dairy farms, old farmhouses have been sold to London based property developers but some barns lie unused or decaying
The owl's Hill surgery is Terling's only medical center, and is only open from 8;30-10:30 on a Tuesday but has over 16,000 registered patients
property prices are booming with the average house worth over £550,000 and traditional cottages in the village valued at £750,000
Local bus services running through terling only run on Wednesdays and Thursdays. this makes it difficul for residents to access nearby towns without a car
Chelmsford, a city of nearly 200,000 people, is just 7 miles away. It's supermarkets, shops and services have meant reductions in Terling's own services
The only pub in Terling, The Terling Inn, has a lengthy closure but reopened in december as 'The Monkey at the Rayleigh Arms' in 2016 with rave reviews
Local bus services running through Terling only run on Wednesdays and Thursdays. This makes it difficult for residents to access nearby towns without a car
The Terling store which also includes Terlin's post office struggles to compete with the more modern supermarkets in the nearby dormitory ('sleeping') towns such as Chelmsford
the nearest train station, Hatfield peverel, is 5 minutes away in a car and offers 45 minute hourneys to London. A 5 minute car journey will take you to the A12 which links London to the town of Colchester (population 1000)
The dairy farms around Terling shut down in 2007 after 98 years of operation. The farmland is now used for Arable farming (crops) but 'outside' contractors plough and harvest the land leaving many locals who traditionally woked in these farms needing to look elsewhere
new economy - e.g. Dinnington
tertiary sectors
located on the outskirts of town
unskilled jobs need fewer qualifications
women are majority over men
example job - delivery firmsor retail parks
wages are usually low (minimum wage)
many footloose companies
jobs can be seasonal
knowledge economy - e.g. Canary Wharf
quaternary sector
example job - law or finance
built in 1980s by Margaret Thatcher at the same time she closed coal mines
need a degree
global companies
employees are mostly male
salaries depend on qualifications and even new graduates can earn salaries of up to £60,000
100,000 people work in Canary Wharf with high salaries and up to date technology such as biotech
Cornwall
this is a coastal area so has access to ports, however there are no motorways and trains are slow
lowest weekly wage in the UK is £340 (average is £405)
many jobs are seasonal and rely on tourism
only major road is the A30
many people have second homes in Cornwall so don't live there full time
challanges for Cornwall
much employment is based on tourism so can be very seasonal
the primary economy has reduced so many farmers lost profits
young people ahve to travel far for education so many migrate for post-16 education
fishing has suffered a serious decline due to fishing bans in the EU
there are no large population centers so TNCs don't have a large workforce
there is only one major hospital in Truro so there is less chance of recovery when sick
St Austell has high quality china clay but now fewer than 1000 people work in this industry
there is a smaller knowledge economy so attracts few high skilled people
there is no motorway so few businesses locate there
opportunities for Cornwall
The Eden project has created a large amount of tourism and created a reputation for Cornwall, to make it a place where people want to visit
this generates over 1 billion every year
diversification
farm shops can use the farmland to create a growing economy of high quality products
honeypot - a location attracting a large number of tourists who, due to their numbers, place pressure on an area
key terms
Multicultural
where a variety of different cultures or ethnic groups live in a society
Birth rate
the number of live births per thousand of a population of a population each year
Globalisation
where people and places are becoming more connected due to changes in technology and transport
Natural increase
where population rises because the birth rate is greater than the death rate (ignores migration)
Net migration
the difference between the number of people who immigrate and emigrate (leaving a country)
de-indutrialisation
the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy
impacts of immigration
more schools needed
more job opportunities in London leads to the brain drain
more doctor services needed
overcrowded flats
not enough housing
transport systems overwelmed
impacts of globalisation
TNC investment
economic development
diverse culture
migration brings housing profits
tourism
more jobs created
key terms
privitisation
the sale of state owned assists to the private sector
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment - oversees investment in physical capital by TNCs
TNCs
Transnational Corporations - a firm that owns or controls productive operations in more than one country through FDI
free trade
trade without traffic or import duties
privitisation
advantages; more money for employees, better quality service, shareholder profits, lower taxes and better technology
disadvantages: costs more for the public, government gets no profits, may become foreign owned and can be difficult to work together
Devon
Devon is an area of outstanding natural beauty (AONB) with many natural parks and estuaries
the main employment is the primary industry
in 2003, the MET office moved to Devon from London. They moved to Exeter for the River Ex and university
Devon is coastal with access to ports and a road system connecting it to other areas
Exeter airport helps international connections
E.G. M5 links to Tiverton and goes to Bristol
Devon is close to the A30 and A35
M4 goes to London
Issues facing Devon
as air transport increases, so does pollution
demand for housing pushes prices up
housing is only 3% cheaper than average so there is a demand for affordable housing
planning permission is hard to get because of scenery
tourism puts pressure on roads and environment
over 60% is AONB so muct be left alone
average income 10% below UK average
rise of the new economy
teleworking
option to work from home. Popular for rural dwellers
deindustrialisation
service- sector industry. Economic activities based on knowledge and information, rather than more traditional industries such as manufacturing. Companies are often footloose - they are not tied to a loction
the knowledge economy
(quaternary sector) an eonomy based on specialised knowledge and skill. It requires university degrees,, specialist raining and good education
'new' economy
decreased activity in manufacturing and closure of industries, leading to unemployment
Clark-Fisher model
pre-industrial has high primary industry, industrial has fluctuating secondary industry, post-industrial has high tertiary and beginning of quaternary
Improvements in transport (IT) - lack of transport and infastructure links is a huge problem, so Scotlands government has invested in a new railway between Edinburgh and Tweedback and a new dual carriageway between Perth and Inverness. Another example is the new Elizabeth train line through England
Advantages: shorter travel time increases rural accessand buy/sell goods for a lower cost due to more trade
Disadvantages: can be extreemly expensive and it become easier for people in rural reas to leave and go to urban areas, which makes them overpopulated
Enterprise zones - areas where the UK government offers companies help with start up costs, reduced taxes on profits, help and access to superfast broadband.There were 24 in 2014 mostly in urban areas of England.
Advantages: efficient and fast connection, more competitive and make more profits
Disadvantages: high quality staff is expensive with expensive start off costs
deprivation in the North is due to the domino effect
steel plates were turned into ships
steel was used to make steel plates
steel was used for engineering
coal was needed to make steel
de-industrialisation has lead to the decline of work in the north of England were many coal mines and factories were found
EU Grants (EUG) - funds to help the poorest areas of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU average, therefore few places qualify to recieve these grants fore example, Cornwall, North Wales and West Wales were the only places to recieve these grants in 2015.
Advantages: benefit extreemly poor areas and gain help/support
Disadvantages: these no longer exists because of BREXIT
teleworking
advantages - privacy and more breaks, no long commute, flexible hours, comfort in your home/familiar, no travel costs, no specific location, more sleep and rest
disadvantages - less recognition, no interaction, becomes boring and stressful, no change of scene, less exercise and movement, technology and internet issues, less motivation to work, and work is constantly around you / no hange of scenery
city structures
sector model
more flexible structure for richer countries however out of town developments are not shown. It mostly looks at hills and the coast and shows industries that develop along the lines. Low cost housing is shown in industrial areas however it doesn't consider LICs such as Dharavi or out of town developments
concentric model
this is simple an compares places, as well as being more relevant to modern day cities. However, this is older and there are less factories now making it less accurate. It shows rings of land use, especially showing secondary work and brownfield sites such as the London docklands
Regional Development Grants (RDG) - these can also offer companies help with start up costs and are available over most of the UK with most in Scotland, Ireland and Wales. They give advice and grants to fund small busineses (which need to raise 5.5 x the amount they want to recieve.
cities merge with towns into conurbations. These begin to influence a wider area. People earn money in the city, then take it home and spend it locally, boosting a wider region. Conurbations are a continuous urban or built-up area, formed by merging towns or cities
urban areas: culture centers, high population density, large retailing, many job opportunities, many young and single people, expensive propertyand office buildings/headquaters
rural periphery: low population density so housing density is lower, older populations so there is higher retirement, high transport costs mean public transport is less common, lower incomes since people have low wages or seasonal jobs, and brain drain of young people migrating leads to fewer employment opportunities
Net immigration (NEM) - strong knowledge economy, more multicultural, more job opportunities, EU increases immigration
brownfield - a site which has been built on before e.g. coal mines
