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METABOLITES, SECONDARY METABOLITE, TERPENES, GLYCOSIDES, PRIMARY…
METABOLITES
ALKALOIDS
Atrophine
- Atropine is a competitive antagonist for acetylcholine receptors, specifically muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, that can be used to treat bradycardia.
- given intravenously or by injection into a muscle.
Scopolamine
- a natural or synthetically produced tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic drug that is formally used as a medication for treating motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
- It is also sometimes used before surgery to decrease saliva.
Codeine
- acts on the central nervous system to have an analgesic effect. It is metabolised in the liver to produce morphine which is ten times more potent against the mu receptor.
- used in the treatment of pain, and sometime to suppress cough
Camphor
- an aromatic, violate terpene ketone derived from the wood of
Cinamomum camphora of synthesized from turpentine
- central nervous system CNS stimulant with effect that range
from mild CNS excitation to generated seizures
Isoflavones
- act as an estrogenic agonist or antagonist depending on the estrogen concentration.
- mostly found in leguminous plants, especially in the pea family.
Turpentine
- Traditionally applied as a clearing agents for paints, lacquer, rubbers, and varnishes, as well as disinfectants and insecticides.
- particular usage of turpentine is in the pharmaceutical industry, and also perfumery, sprays, deodorizers and stimulating ointments.
Flavonones
- play important roles in many biological processes such as pigmentation of flowers, fruits and vegetables, plant-pathogen interactions, fertility and protection against UV light.
- flavonoid structure is responsible for antioxidants activity.
Carotenoids
- class of hydrocarbons that participate in various biological processes in plants, such as photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis, photoprotection and development.
- colorants and critical components of the human diet as antioxidants and provitamin A.
Anthocyanidin
- widely distributed in fruit, especially berries and can be the most abundant flavonoids in deeply pigmented berry crops like blueberries.
- associated with anti-oxidants, anti-flammation. and vaso-modulation benefits by acting as biochemical effectors via multiple mechanisms.
Asparagine
- non essential amino acid.
- used in biosynthesis of proteins and It helps in controlling the metabolism activities of the brain.
Glycine
- building-block for proteins, glycine is also required for multiple metabolic pathways, such as glutathione synthesis and regulation of one-carbon metabolism.
- metabolized in the body's cells to end products of carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Serine
- produces many metabolites, some of which play a pivotal role in antitumor immunity.
- important in metabolism in that it participates in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines
CARBOHYDRATES
Sugar alcohol
- used as lower calories sweeteners in sugar-free chewing gum and candies, as food addictives, in toothpaste and certain medications.
- they are hybrids of sugar molecules and alcohol molecules.
Glucose
• process which generally converts glucose into energy for cell utilization. This energy mostly is in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
• breakdown of glucose into energy for cell use.
Pyruvate
- used for weight loss and obesity, high cholestrol cataracts cancer and improving athelits improvements.
- serve as the transporter of carbons atoms into the mitochondrion for complete oxidation into carbon dioxide.
Phospolipids
- major components of the cell membrane and also provide a fluid character to the membranes.
- essential for the absorption, transport and storage of lipids.
Cholestrol
- lipid that can be absorbed from dietary sources or synthesized in the liver.
- It is an essential component of cell membranes allowing them to maintain permeability and fluidity. Cholesterol is also required for the production of steroid hormones and fat-soluble vitamins
Prostaglandin
- contribute to the resolution of acute inflammation through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation.
- Thus, arachidonic acid oxygenation products mediate diverse effects that induce and resolve acute inflammation caused by bacterial infection.
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