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End of Cold War and rise of human rigts - Coggle Diagram
End of Cold War and rise of human rigts
Questions
Are development and global justice at odds with each other?
'Since established democracies do not fight each other, promoting democracy abroad offers the surest path to perpetual peace.' Do you agree with this statement?
Would the 2003 Iraq war have been just, had it been authorized by the UN Security Council?
Can violence be an effective tool of liberation?
has the UN been an instrument of international justice or international inequality?
Has the UN charter's ban on the use of force in international relations been effective?
can international criminal justice avoid being politicised?
Does the International Criminal Court have the potential to enforce human rights impartially?
'The issue is emphatically not whether one favors 'justice' for international wrongdoers, but whether the ICC- with its inherent illegitimacy- could ever be the right vehicle for the job.' (John Bolton, Former United States Ambassador to the UN) DO you agree with Bolton's assessment of the ICC?
Is human rights' universalism its strength or its weakness?
Is the War on Terror gendered?
Is the era of human rights over?
Does international law entrench the power of men?
'We cannot study international relations today without understanding yesterday's international relations.' Assess the validity of this statement.
Women
Mackinnon: 'number of
people
who died at these men's hands on September 11th, from 2800 to 3000, is almost identical to the number of
women
who die at the hands of men every year' in the USA
Iraqi torture victim: 'they wanted us to feel as though we were wiomen'
Abu-Lughod: 'tendencies to plaster neat cultural icons like the Muslim woman over messy historical and political dynamics'
Abu-Lughod: 'we may want justice for women,
Mackinnon: 'international law still fails to grasp the reality that members of one half of society are dominating members of the other half in violent ways all of the time'
Examples
1945: 51 UN members, 1961: 103, 1976: 147, Africa forming the largest regional block
1420: Portuguese arrived in a forested Madeira, deforested and introduced European livestock that prevented the trees from growing back
lesson that European plants and animals could thrive elsewhere and indigenous populations could be controlled
16th cent.: 250,000 slaves; 17th: 2 million (Spain & Portugal most), 18th: 6.5 million (Britain most)
1857 Indian Rebellion led to indiscriminate British violence but also the lesson that Indian cultural traditions must be respected
Latin American debt crisis and Washington consensus
false liberal notions
Mill: 'despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their imporvement, and the means justified by actually effecting that end'
Jennifer Pitts: 'Tocqueville... believed that conquest of Algeria would contribute to the foundation and perpetuation of the liberal order he sought for France, by providing a grand collective political project for an apathetic public as well as a laboratory for the municipal self-government he had admired in America'
Ignatieff: 'every time a state is denounced for its human rights record, it becomes harder for it to secure international loans or political and military help when it is in danger. Naming and shaming for human rights abuses now have real consequences', really?
'it becomes incoherent for states like Britain and the United States to condemn Indonesia or Turkey for their human rights performance while providing their military with vehicles or weapons', but they still do
Blair 1999: 'we are all internationalists now, whether we like it or not. We cannot refuse to participate in global markets if we want to prosper. We cannot ignore new political ideas in other countries if we want to innovate. We cannot turn our backs on conflicts and the violation of human rights within other countries if we want still to be secure'
Blair: 'tear-stained faces of the hundreds of thousands of refugees streaming across the border, hear their heart-rending tales of cruelty or contemplate the unknown fates of those left behind'
International & individual rights
Ignatieff: 'before the Second World War, only states had rights in international law. With the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the rights of individuals received international legal recognition'
'if human rights has not stopped the villains, it certainly has empowered bystanders and victims'
Ignatieff: 'Americans believe their rights derive their legitimacy from their own consent, as embodied in the US constitution'
Good
state and non-state organisations
Ignatieff: 'advocacy revolution'- Amnesty International, HRW etc.
'many of these NGOs espouse the universalist language of human rights but actually use it to defend highly particularist causes', 'persons who care about human rights violations committed against Palestinians may not care so much about human rights violations committed by Palestinians against Israelis, and vice versa'
'without the advocacy revolution of the NGOs... it is likely that the passage of so many human rights instruments since 1945 would have remained a revolution on paper'
Ignatieff: 'until the 1960s, UN bodies were wary of criticizing the human rights behaviour of member states. The apartheid regime of South Africa was the first excepion'
Ignatieff: 'the next step is the creation of a permanent International Criminal Tribunal'
Blair: 'we developed a series of international institutions to cope with the strains of rebuilding a devastated world: Bretton Woods, the United Nations, NATO'