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Elizabeth - Final Exams, Elizabethan Government - Coggle Diagram
Elizabeth - Final Exams
Part 1
Heritage and Childhood
When she was only two years old, Elizabeth's mother (Anne Boleyn) has been beheaded. She would later find a maternal figure in the form of Catherine Parr.
Acts of Succession:
- [1534] 1st: Delegitimised Mary I
- [1536] 2nd: Delegitimised both
- [1543] 3rd: Re-legitimised both daughters
Elizabeth could speak 5 languages. She did not often see her father and, for years, lost the title of princess. She did - however - respect her father greatly.
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Many welcomes Elizabeth as a monarch, they were tired of the tumultuous reign of Mary I which brough about further religious instability to England.
Thomas Seymour was the husband of Catherine Parr. He began to make advances towards Elizabeth and, following an investigation in 1549, was executed for treason.
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The Marriage Question
Eric XIV of Sweden: Protestant, marriage was negotiated for several years before Elizabeth declined in 1560.
Philip II of Spain: Was married to Mary I, would aid international relations but parliament was against the proposal.
Francis, Duke of Alencon: Was willing to change his religious allegiance, the two became very close ("frog") despite age gap, xenophobic subjects disapproved, negotiations endured over a decade and Elizabeth showed regret upon declining the proposal.
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicestershire: Appointed Master of the Horse in 1558, married to Amy Robsart (died in 1560), made Earl in 1564, strong ancestry, Elizabeth leaves Kenilworth Castle early in 1575.
Charles, Archduke of Austria: Catholic, marriage negotiated over a year with eventual rejection.
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Was Elizabeth Prepared?
NO: Motherless, deemed illegitimate in 2nd act of succession, imprisoned after Wyatt's rebellion (1554), upset greatly by the death of Henry (1547), Edward's reign brought several issues regarding poverty and inflation to England, rebellions threatened Edward and Mary + religious issues (Mary had burned ~280 protestants at the stake during her reign).
YES: 3rd act of succession, Mary I was disliked by many, Mary I would eventually acknowledge Elizabeth as a rightful heir, endured Seymour Scandal (lessons learnt) and she was thoroughly educated.
Part 2
Poverty
1586 - The Dearth Orders is published; this addresses actions that should be taken be authorities in regards to poverty (JPs must arrange for extra supplies in case of harvest failure.
1577 - William Harrison's "Description of England" is published, it estimated that there were ~10,000 vagrants in England at the time.
1567 - Thomas Harman produces a work that discusses the idea of "canting", a secret language that was supposedly used by the poor in an attempt to con the 'common man'.
The exploration of the "New World" increased the amount of silver in circulation and decreased its overall value. Also, a slump in the cloth trade in the 1550s damaged England's economy also + antwerp bans.
England's population increased by 43% from 1550 to 1600; though prices increased, wages stayed the same and this lead to inflation.
Elizabeth inherited a debt of £300,000 due to her father's wars with France. The labouring class spent 80% of their income on food and drink.
The introduction of sheep farming as a replacement for arable farming was beneficial to farm owners but was detrimental to labourers as sheep framing required fewer workers. There were also a series of bad harvests between 1594 and 1598.
The 1601 Poor Law implemented a compulsory poor rate and outlined the distinction between the "idle poor" (who may be sent to houses of correction) and the "impotent poor".
The "idle poor" were seen as 'sinful' by Puritans, were often accused of spreading disease (such as the plague) and were seen as having the potential to rebel.
1598 - Act of Husbandry and Tillage is passed, this helps protects rural professions by slowing the transition to enclosure farms from arable framing.
Henry VIII's dissolution of monasteries removed any for of systematic support for the poor. The migration of people from rural to urban areas forced the government to take action.
Exploration
Causes of Exploration:
- A demand for luxury good from the East increased (such as spices and silk).
- The printing press' invention increased the popularity of exploration as it began to be publicised.
- Spain and portugal had begun to divide the new world up into different countries that European powers wanted.
- The importance of exploration can be seen through the Muscovy and East India trading company.
Hawkins
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Hawkins made three expeditions during the 1560s, capturing African and selling them into slavery in Central America to Spanish settlers.
Hawkins developed a few type of fighting galleon that was much faster and more maneuverable than any Spanish galleon.
Drake
Drake was puritan and anti-Spanish, his first voyage in 1566 was as a slave trader.
Attacked in 1568 by the Spanish in San Juan de Ulua in Mexico. 4 ships were lost + 300 men. This helped create a desire for revenge within Drake.
Between 1577 and 1580, Drake circumnavigated the globe and was the first Englishman to do so.
In 1587, Drake attacked Cadiz in the Singeing of the King of Spain's beard. 37 enemy vessels were destroyed and this disrupted the Spanish's preparations (delayed for a year).
Raleigh
Imprisoned in 1592 after marrying one of Elizabeth's "ladies-in-waiting". When released, he was made a member of parliament.
Raleigh was responsible for bringing both potatoes and tobacco to England. He also wanted to found colonies in North America and Elizabeth funded these privateering expeditions.
1584 - Obtains a charter for a colony in off the coast of North Carolina and he names this "Virginia", after the queen.
The Gentry
Henry VIII's dissolution of monasteries made more land available than ever before, this was capitalised on by the gentry class.
The Tudors had marginalised the old nobility, seeing them as a threat. Cecil, Walsingham and Hattan came from the gentry class.
The Gentry were keen to capitalise on cultural advancements, they would often sponsor architectural, intellectual and artistic projects.
Golden Age
Fashion
Fashion was an important status symbol in Elizabethan England. In 1574, the Statutes of Apparel were passed in 1574 and governed the clothes that a person could wearing depending on their social class.
Architecture
Elizabethan England experienced a period known as the "Great Rebuilding"; many new country houses. One example of someone who embrace this rebuilding was Bess of Hardwick.
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London's population grew from 50,000 in 1520 to 200,000 in 1600. 93% of all cloth exports went through London.
Theatre
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The Globe
Built in 1599 by Lord Chamberlain's Men, it could hold ~3000 people and would cost one penny for groundlings (two for one of three galleries).
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Eventually, Elizabeth's fondness of theatre increased and the Master of the Revels was introduced; someone in this role would decide which plays would be performed in front of the queen in court.
After 1572, theatre companies began to arise and made acting a more widely accepted profession. Before this, they were classed as "vagabonds".
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Part 3
The Religious Settlement
The 1559 Religious Settlement acted as a compromise for Catholics as some traditions were maintained.
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1559 - Act of Supremacy makes Elizabeth "Supreme Governor", all clergy and royal officials had to swear an oath to her. Two bishops were imprisoned for failing to accept Elizabeth.
1559 - Act of Uniformity makes the church protestant in doctrine but Catholic in appearance: traditional vestments are kept along with crucifix and candles.
The Royal Injunctions highlighted 57 rules for the Church to follow: pilgrimages were banned and an English Bible was made standard.
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Catholic Reaction
Catholic clergy members that were unwilling to accept the settlement would lose their positions and recusants would be fined a shilling per week.
1568 - A school for seminary priests is began in the Netherlands. Here, English Catholics were trained as missionaries.
1569 - The Duke of Norfolk leads a rebellion in the north, he was one of these missionaries.
1570 - The Queen is excommunicated by Pope Pius V; Catholics no longer had to acknowledge Elizabeth and be loyal to her. This came in the form of the Papal Bull.
1571 - Elizabeth faces a multitude of Catholic rebellions such as the Ridolfi Plot; a new Treason Act is passed that made it illegal to deny Elizabeth's legitimacy and outlawed the act of bringing the Papal Bull to England (this was now punishable by death).
1580 - The Jesuits emerge: these are members of a religious group loyal to the Pope that are tasked with going to England and gaining influence over wealthy families. Edmund Campion was one of these Jesuits.
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Puritan Reaction
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1570 - Thomas Cartwright delivers a series of lectures at the University of Cambridge: these oppose the Church's episcopal structure, Elizabeth saw this as a threat.
1572 - Puritan printing presses were destroyed after two pamphlets criticising the church were publicised.
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1589 - Critical Puritan pamphlets began to appear: their critical tone began to turn people against Puritanism. Richard Hooker also writes the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity: this supported Elizabeth's settlement and the concept of Sola Scriptura.
1583 - John Whitgift ends prophesying and issues the Three Articles, demanding that all clergy members accept bishops and the Church's episcopal structure.
Mary Queen of Scots
1569 - Northern Rebellion:
- The Duke of Norfolk (who resented the power of William Cecil) planned to marry Mary and have her replace Elizabeth.
- The Duke enlists the help of both Dudley and Throckmorton; Dudley reports this to Cecil.
- The Earl of Northumberland and Earl of Westmorland are accused of disloyalty as rumours of a revived rebellion spread: they gather 5000 rebels and more through the north of England, capturing Barnard Castle.
- The rebels awaited Spanish support in Hartlepool (as promised by Spanish Ambassadors).
- The Spanish fail to appear and the rebellion collapses by December, the Northern council is then reformed.
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1571 - The Ridolfi Plot:
- Ridolfi wished to restore Catholicism in England. The plot aimed to assassinate Elizbeth.
- Ridolfi proposed 6000 Spanish troops to land in Essex and install Mary as Queen, having her marry the Duke of Norfolk.
- Walsingham's spy network discovered the plot and Norfolk was subsequently executed.
1583 - Throckmorton Plot:
- Aimed to have French Catholic forces (supported by Papal money) were to invade England, free Mary and have the Jesuit population revolt and murder Elizabeth.
- Walsingham discovered the plot and Throckmorton's role as an intermediary between the Mary and the Spanish ambassador.
- The Bond of Association is established: nobody could claim the throne (execution).
1586 - Babington Plot:
- Mary began a secret correspondence with Babington (a French ambassador and recusant).
- 17th July - Approval.
- Council seal warrant and Mary is executed in February 1587.
Spanish Armada
Consequences:
- The Winds were seen as divine intervention (commemorative medal).
- Technological developments.
- Anglo-Spanish war continued: 2 invasions in 1590s.
- England faces rising inflation and increased poverty.
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Causes:
- 1567 - Elizabeth supports a protestant rebellion in the Netherlands (Spanish controlled) that is being crushed by the Duke of Parma.
- 1560's - The Spanish ban the British from Antwerp. Elizabeth reforms trade and exploits new Portuguese weapons.
- 1559 - Marriage rejected.
- 1569 - Spanish attack Hawkins and Drake.
- 1584 - Treaty of Joinville: French and Spanish turn attention to England to end protestantism.
- 1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch is signed between England and Dutch rebels: 7000 rebels (lead by Dudley) are sent to the Netherlands.
- 1587 - Drake attacks Cadiz in the singeing of the king's beard.
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Reasons for Defeat:
- Spanish forces lead by Duke of Medina Sidonia: he had no experience and was infamous for his sea-sickness. The English had Drake on command, an experienced privateer.
- The Spanish forces were to meet with the Duke of Parma in the Netherlands, supplying the Spanish with an additional 27,000 men. Winds in the North sea prevented this.
- England disrupted the regular crescent formation of the Spanish through the use of fireships.
- 11th August 1588 - The Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish are attacked by fireships in Calais, they drift North towards Scotland and, eventually, island: Spaniards were ship-wrecked in Scotland and some were killed by the contemptuous Scots.
Part 4
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Religion
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Vicar of St. Martin chose 8 of the men. The men had to know religious works well (such as the Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandments and the Apostle's Creed).
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Elizabethan Government
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Patronage:
- Elizabeth would assign governmental roles to courtiers to boost their social status.
- This system was corrupt but allowed for courtiers to stay loyal to Elizabeth.
- Monopolies were often given out (Devereux's sweet wine monopoly).
Vibrant colours would be donned by the aristocracy. Elizabeth would frequently wear black and white to symbolise her purity.
Privy Council
The Privy Council was a group of 13 (formerly 19) close advisors to Elizabeth I. The Secretary of State is the main advisor.
The Privy Council governed the work of the Justices of the Peace, controlled security (Walsingham's spy network) and propaganda (portraits).
Elizabeth kept control of the Privy Council through keeping written record, was very selective (delayed appointing Dudley until 1552 to avoid making other members jealous), used a divide and rule strategy (chose members with different opinions to ensure the best decisions were made), rewarded individuals with patronage and punished rebels (Duke of Norfolk).
Walsingham and Dudley were puritan. Cecil was moderate and was admired by Elizabeth for his tendency to speak his mind. Cecil likely disliked Dudley due to his father's treasonous crimes.
Parliament
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Elizabeth had the power to appoint a speaker who would control what was being discussed in parliament.
Elizabeth used parliament to:
- Pass 434 laws
- Slowly dissolve Catholicism.
- Implementing taxation (1571 to defeat rebellion in the North).
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40 MPs were pushing for a more extreme religious settlement (Puritan choir). Royal prerogative over the Government.
Essex Rebellion
Devereux was arrogant and ambitious; he fought in the Netherlands, France and Spain. He joined the council in 1593 and hated the Cecil family.
Essex wanted to be Elizabeth's main advisor; in 1556, he launched a successful attack on Cadiz but, in his absence, Robert Cecil was appointed Secretary of State. Essex was banned from court for drawing his sword.
Essex was sent to Ireland to subdue a rebellion (1599); instead, he made peace with the rebels. This enraged Elizabeth and she removed his monopoly and governmental roles.
Essex gathered ~300 supporters/ On 7th February 1601, they held a performance of Richard III; depicting the usurping of a king as a message.
4 Privy Council members were sent to his home to arrest him but he took them hostage. Upon marching into London, Cecil deems Essex a traitor and he began to lose supporters. Essex surrendered after just 12 hours of rebellion; he was executed on the 25th.
Elizabeth controlled her people through public image (wore wig by 1590s), progresses, portraits (offensive burnt in 1596).