topik 8 (part 2): Multimedia development process (i)
Behavioral psychology
Behaviorism theories (Gilani, 2003)
Introduction of learning principle and approaches
Cognitivism
Principle of learning into the design
Software evaluation
An understanding and appreaciation of how people learn
Usability testing
Thorndike and refined by BF Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning (animals;s basic responses to natural stimuli could be linked to artificial stimuli)
It is neutral stimulus of a bell does not normally elicit salivation, but after training it becomes a conditioned stimulus
Pavlov would ring a bell each time he gave a food to dog
Operant conditioning
use of rewards and punishment to modify behaviour
Behaviour that is rewarded intermittenly increases in frequency more slowly
4 basic behavioral rules
+ve environment effects +ve reinforcement (increase frequency)
-ve environmental effect -ve reinforcement
-ve environmental effect punishment (decrease frequency)
no longer reinforced it decrease in frequency (extinction)
breakdown of the main goal into subordinating goals
Determine the events of instruction for each subordinating goal
Assessment (student's educational problems must be assessed)
The cognitive school recognizes the importance of individual differences and of including a diversity of learning stratergies in online instruction to accomodate those differences
They see learning as an internet process and contend
Rules of instructional designers
The amount of effort expended during the learning process
The depth of the processing
Processing capacity of the learner
The teaching stratergy should enhance the learning proccess
online learning materials should include activities for the different learning and cognitives styles
The learning content should be chunked to prevent cognitive overload
The instructional designer should tie up to new information with existing information from long term
Consist of
information
presentation
data
knowledge