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Schizophrenia - Coggle Diagram
Schizophrenia
features:
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likelihood of development: 0.3%-0.7% depending on ethnicity, where you live/were born.
250,000+ cases diagnosed in Britain
A quarter of people recover and don't relapse, about a quarter never recover and a half have periods of recovery and periods of symptoms
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Some studies indicate there is a 1% risk of schizophrenia and the first episode usually occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood
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Individual Differences:
Luhrmann et al (2015) interviewed 60 American, Indian, and Ghanian people with schizophrenia: 70% of Americans said their voices told them 'to hurt' while 50% of Ghanians said the voices were mainly positive. Some said a mix of the 2 and that the good voices were more powerful. 20% of Ghanians said their voices told them to kill or fight. Indians tended to hear family members offering advice or scolding them while Americans only 10% said they heard family members
Sensetivity in the dopamine receptors can be a cause of schizophrenia and a sensitivity to dopamine can be caused by genetics to brain lesioning
Lederbogen et al: used fMRI to reveal a link between growing up in an urban environment and later sensitivity to social stress - greater activity in amygdala and anterior cingulate (regulate stress responses) than those who grew up in rural areas
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What is schizophrenia?
The term literally means split mind (but not split personality) and is commonly associated with a loss of contact with reality and a disconnection between thoughts and emotions
Different types (no longer listed by the DSM5: paranoid, disorganised, catatonic, residual and undifferentiated
Causes
The dopamine hypothesis: the brains of patients with schizophrenia have excess dopamine, with dopamine synapses increasing their activity levels compared to those without schizophrenia (could be due to a lack of enzyme which breaks dopamine down, leaving excess in the synapse)
Positive Symptoms: increased D2 (hypersensitivity of specific dopamine receptors) in receptor activity in the mesolimbic pathway which would raise dopamine activity around the brain. Consequently - hallucinations and delusions
Negative Symptoms: : reduced D1 activity in the mesocortical pathway (connects the midbrain to the frontal lobes). Can cause flatness of emotion
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The glutamate hypothesis: when researchers deactivated glutamate receptors, they found similar symptoms to psychosis
Social Causation theory: social adversity, urbanicity, immigration and minority status,
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