Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Muhammad Raja Agil Madubun - Coggle Diagram
Muhammad Raja Agil Madubun
Movement System
Muscle Contraction
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle (skeletal/ smooth/ cardiac). It is the site for the transmission of action potential from nerve to the muscle.
T-tubules bring the sarcolemma very close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum at all regions throughout the cell, calcium can then be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum across the whole cell at the same time. This synchronisation of calcium release allows muscle cells to contract more forcefully.
Muscle fibre is a highly specialised cell-like unit: Each muscle fibre contains an organised arrangement of contractile proteins in the cytoplasm. Each muscle fibre is surrounded by a cell surface membrane.
The sliding filament theory is a suggested mechanism of contraction of striated muscles, actin and myosin filaments to be precise, which overlap each other resulting in the shortening of the muscle fibre length.
Tropomyosin is a protein involved in skeletal muscle contraction and that wraps around actin and prevents myosin from grabbing it.
In muscle contraction, calcium ions play an important role by building interactions between proteins, myosin and actin.
Troponin (Tn) is the sarcomeric Ca2+ regulator for striated (skeletal and cardiac) muscle contraction. On binding Ca2+ Tn transmits information via structural changes throughout the actin-tropomyosin filaments, activating myosin ATPase activity and muscle contraction.
ATP is responsible for cocking (pulling back) the myosin head, ready for another cycle. When it binds to the myosin head, it causes the cross bridge between actin and myosin to detach. ATP then provides the energy to pull the myosin back, by hydrolysing to ADP + Pi.
Joint
Synarthrosis
A synarthrosis is a type of joint which allows no movement under normal conditions. Sutures and gomphoses are both synarthroses.
Amphiarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis. An amphiarthrosis is a joint that has limited mobility. An example of this type of joint is the cartilaginous joint that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. Filling the gap between the vertebrae is a thick pad of fibrocartilage called an intervertebral disc
Diarthrosis
Diarthroses (freely movable). Also known as synovial joints, these joints have synovial fluid enabling all parts of the joint to smoothly move against each other. These are the most prevalent joints in your body. Examples include joints like the knee and shoulder.
Hinge Joint, Hinge joints function by allowing flexion and extension in one plane with small degrees of motion in other planes.
Ball and Socket Joint, Ball and socket joints also allow types of movement called abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction.
Plane joint, permit sliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces
Saddle Joint, have two basic types of movement, known as flexion-extension and abduction-adduction.
Pivot Joint, only rotary movement around a single axis.
Introduction to skeletal system
The bones of the skeletal system serve to protect the body's organs, support the weight of the body, and give the body shape. The muscles of the muscular system attach to these bones, pulling on them to allow for movement of the body.
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals. The skeletal system is also called the musculoskeletal system.
Reproductive system
Male and Female Reproductive Organs
Male: Testes, Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Ejaculatory Ducts, Seminal vesicles, Prostate glands
Female: ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, accessory glands, and external genital organs.
Spermatogenesis
There are three steps in spermatogenesis: 1) meiosis, during which the number of chromosomes in the cell is reduced to half or 23 chromosomes each; 2) meiosis II, during which each haploid cell forms spermatids; and 3) spermiogenesis, during which each spermatid develops into a sperm cell with a head and tail.
Oogenesis
There are three phases to oogenesis; namely, multiplication phase, growth phase and maturation phase.
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle is a term used to describe the sequence of events that occur within a woman’s body as it prepares for the possibility of pregnancy each month. A menstrual cycle is considered to begin on the first day of a period. The average cycle is 28 days long; however, a cycle can range in length from 21 days to about 35 days.
Follicular phase
This phase typically takes place from days six to 14. During this time, the level of the hormone estrogen rises, which causes the lining of the uterus (called the endometrium) to grow and thicken. In addition, another hormone—follicle-stimulating hormone—causes follicles in the ovaries to grow. During days 10 to 14, one of the developing follicles will form a fully mature egg (ovum).
Ovulation
This phase occurs roughly at about day 14 in a 28-day menstrual cycle. A sudden increase in another hormone—luteinizing hormone—causes the ovary to release its egg. This event is called ovulation.
Menses Phase
This phase, which typically lasts from day one to day five, is the time when the lining of the uterus is actually shed out through the vagina if pregnancy has not occurred. Most women bleed for three to five days, but a period lasting only two days to as many as seven days is still considered normal.
Luteal Phase
This phase lasts from about day 15 to day 28. After the egg is released from the ovary it begins to travel through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. The level of the hormone progesterone rises to help prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy. If the egg becomes fertilized by a sperm and attaches itself to the uterine wall, the woman becomes pregnant. If pregnancy does not occur, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period.
